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The American Museum of Natural History 
Board of Trustees and Staff as of June 1, 1923 


Henry Fatrrietp Osporn, President 
CLEVELAND H. Dopas, First Vice President 
J. P. MoraGan, Second Vice President 


GrorGE F. Baker, Jr., Treasurer 
Percy R. Pyne, Secretary 
GEORGE F. BAKER, 

FREDERICK F. BREWSTER 
FREDERICK TRUBEE DAVISON 
CLEVELAND EArt DopGE 
Water DouGLas 

CuILps FRICK 

MapIson GRANT 


WILuIAM AVERELL HARRIMAN 
Arcuer M. HuntTINGTON 
ADRIAN ISELIN 

ARTHUR CuRTISS JAMES 
WALTER B, JAMES 
OagpEN MILLS 

A. Perry OSBORN 
GEORGE D. Pratt 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
LEONARD C. SANFORD 
JoHn B. TREVOR 

Fritix M. WarRBURG 


JoHN F. Hytan, Mayor or THE Crty or New YorK 
CHARLES L. Craia, COMPTROLLER OF THE City or New YORK 
Francis D. GALLATIN, COMMISSIONER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS 


GerorGE H. SHERwoop, Executive Secretary 


Scientific Staff 


__ Freperic A. Lucas, Se.D., Director 
Rosert C. Murpuy, D.Se., Assistant to the Director (in Scientific Correspondence, Exhibition, and Labeling) 
James L. Cuark, Assistant to the Director (in Full Charge of Preparation) 


DIVISION OF MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY 
W. D. Matruew, F.R.S., Curator-in-Chief 


Geology and Invertebrate Palxonto'ogy 
Epmonp Otis Hovey, Ph.D., Curator 
CuesTerR A. Reeps, Px.D., Associate Curator of Inverte- 
brate Paleontology 
CHARLES P. Berkey, PH.D., Research Associate in Geology 


Mineralogy 
HerBertT P. Wuirttock, C.E., Curator 
GerorGE F. Kunz, Pu.D., Research Associate, Gems 


Vertebrate Palxontology 

Henry Fatrrretp Ossporn, LL.D., D.Sc., Honorary Cu- 

rator 
W.D. Matruew, Px.D., Curator 
WALTER GRANGER, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals 
Barnum Browy, A.B., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles 
Cuarves C. Mook, Pu.D., Associate Curator 
Wiuuram K. Greaory, Px.D., Associate in Paleontology 
CuiLps Frick, B.S., Research Associate in Paleontology 


DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY 
FrRaNK MIcHLER CHAPMAN, N.A.S., Curator-in-Chief 


Lower Invertebrates 
Roy W. Miner, Pu.D., Curator 
WILuarpD G. Van Name, Pu.D., Assistant Curator 
FRANK J. Myers, Research Associate, Rotifera 
Horace W. STUNKARD, PH.D., Research Associate, Para- 
sitology 
A. L. TREADWELL, PH.D., Research Associate, Annulata 


Entomology 
FRANK E. Lutz, Pu.D., Curator 
A. J. MutcuHuerr, Assistant Curator in Coleoptera 
FRANK E. Watson, B.S., Assistant in Lepidoptera 
Wiiuiam M. WHEELER, PH.D., Research Associate, Social 
Insects 
CHARLES W. Lena, B.S., Research Associate, Coleoptera 
HerBert F. Schwarz, A.M., Research Associate, Hymen- 
optera 


Ichthyology 
BasHFORD Dean, PH.D., Honorary Curator 
Joun T. Nicuots, A.B., Associate Curator in Recent Fishes 
E. W. GupGcer, Px.D., Associate in Ichthyology 


Herpetology 


G. Kinasury NosBue, Px.D., Associate Curator (In Charge) 
ARTHUR I. ORTENBURGER, M.S., Assistant Curator 


Ornithology 
FRANK M. CHApMAN, Sc.D., Curator 
W. DeW. Miter, Associate Curator . 
RoBEerT CusHMAN Murpuy, D.Sc., Associate Curator of 
Marine Birds : 
James P. Cuaprin, A.M., Associate Curator, Birds of the 
Eastern Hemisphere 
Lupiow Griscom, M.A., Assistant Curator, 
JONATHAN DwicHt, M.D., Research Associate in North 
American Drnithology 
Mrs. Evstzr M. B. R. Naumburg, Research Assistant 


Mammalogy 
Roy C. Anprews, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of 
the Eastern Hemisphere 
H. E. Antuony, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of 
the Western Hemisphere 
HERBERT LANG, Assistant Curator, African Mammals 
Car. E. AKEetry, Associate in Mammalogy 


Comparative Anatomy 
WILLIAM K. Greaory, Pu.D., Curator 
S. H. Couns, Assistant Curator 
J. Howarp McGreaor, Pu.D., Research Associate in 
Human Anatomy 


DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY 
CuarK WIssuER, Pu.D., Curator-in-Chief 


Anthropology 

CLARK WISSLER, PH.D., Curator 

Puiny E. Gopparp, Pu.D., Curator in Ethnology 

N.C. Netson, M.L., Associate Curator of Archeology 

eh gene W. Meap, Assistant Curator of Peruvian Arche- 
ology 

Louis R. Sutiivan, PuH.D., Assistant Curator, Physical 
Anthropology 

CLARENCE L. Hay, A.M., Research Associate in Mexican 
and Central American Archeology 

Mito Heuuman, D.D.S., Research Associate in Physical 
Anthropology 


Comparative Physiology 
Raupexu W. Tower, Px.D., Curator 


Comparative Anatomy 
WILuiAM K. Grecory, Pu.D., Curator 
J. Howarp McGrecor, Px.D., Research Associate 
Human Anatomy 


DIVISION OF EDUCATION AND PUBLICATION 
GerorceE H. SHerwoop, A.M., Curator-in-Chief 


Library and Publications 
Raupy W. Tower, Pu.D., Curator ’ , 
Ipa RicHARDSON Hoop, A.B., Assistant Librarian 


Public Education 
GerorGE H. SHerwoop, A.M., Curator 
G. Ciypr Fisuer, Px.D., Associate Curator 
RutuH Crossy NosBtp, B.A., Assistant Curator 
GRACE FIsHER Ramsey, Assistant Curator 


Public Health 
CHARLES-EDWARD AmMoryY WINSLOW, D.P.H., Honorary 
Curator 
Mary Greta, Assistant 


Natural History Magazine 
Herbert F, Scuwarz, A.M., Editor _ 
A. KATHERINE Beraer, Assistant Editor 


ADVISORY COMMITTEE 


’ Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Director 


Rogpert C. Murpuy, Pu.B., Assistant to the Director 
FraNK M. CuapmMan, Se.D., Curator-in-Chief, Division of 
Zoélogy and Zoégeography aa 
W. D. Marruew, Pu.D., Curator-in-Chief, Division of 

Mineralogy and Geology 


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GENERAL GUIDE 


eS ON GALES 
AMERICAN MUSEUM 
NATURAL HISTORY 


FREDERIC A. LUCAS, Director 
Assisted by Members of the Museum Staff 


TENTH EDITION 
125 


New York 
Published by the Museum 


¢ 


HOW TO REACH THE MUSEUM 


The Museum is located at 77th Street and Central Park West, and 
can be reached by the 8th and 9th Avenue surface cars, the 6th or 9th 
Avenue elevated to 81st Street station, or by the subway to 72d or 
79th Street station. The Museum is open free every day in the year; 
on week days, including holidays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.,; on Sundays 
from 1 to 5 p.m. 


| From the Grand Central Station take Broadway surface car to 77th 
Street, or subway shuttle to Times Square and local to 79th Street. 


. From the Pennsylvania Station take the 8th Avenue surface cars, 
or the subway local to 79th Street. 


CONTENTS 


SUN TEROMen TAU ee et et Ce tela ks aris bw Sune oui Sud ites oe Oe aia uted 
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.. 

How To REACH THE canine we 
Miri e Maik Mie a ayia del tae: eee ee hy ee a | A eh em. Clonee, Oi 


First FLoor: 
WCE TOOT eee ot adi ha Pe ue tet oe tae Pe es es cer eRe ays a 
Memorial Hall (South P: BVLLEOUE irae: vat aariea ieee ya ieee nae ie RaNr ew ehte 
Meteorites. . Dy ome ds otal 
Indians of North Pacific Coast (South ‘Central Wi ing) . LOE ry tn: ea 
Mural Decorations (South.Central Wing)........................... 
PREG eOuenEOnS. CIN OLE COITICOL) ines. ane wd coe ane. ee 
Qilelttera bats CR abe: LEM ees QaT tn) |) eed Se one Ore Mae ements 0 Tae cee ia ae 
Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wing)....0...00.00. 0.000.000... 
Indians of the Plains (Southwest P4vilion).................0........... 
IHATS OL the SOUL WERE UV CSE WING Jeieceue es cba sn eae kote 
LSE NVI DS © EASA JOTHOOP ous coe barks teins | aid aan oc ome ane ome 
Food Economics (poutheast Wme)ac.. rae oa. lcs pee es. ee: 
Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wing).......... 
Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion) ..................... 


SECOND FLooR: 
AMPUIDIATSs HeDiLEs (o0utn Paviltor)ans esc. cs asus ou 0s Aas Be 
Mexicaty. Lextilecs out: COMMON sce or take tere pene eae 
Local Birds (West Corridor).. ry 
Ancient Monuments of Mexico and ‘Central America (Southwest Wing) oe 
-— Prehistoric Man of North America and Europe (Southwest Pavilion)... . 
Sooliemtions Tron Ariod/¢ WeRUT WIT). 2 ayia ote ie cn Ss eco. one 
Pitieor Gee Wort SOUL Gentral. Wing) aaacms-ee ve as ome te ee eee 
eee. Hishes (Corriuor of Central Pavilion)... 2.4... 55... .0so5.- 
Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing).......................... 
Preparation of Elephant Group (Southeast Pavilion)..................... 


THIRD FLOOR: 
. Members’ Room (East Corridor).. Avene. © ile aan cy kh Ce 
<sx.of- yy... Monkeys, Apes and Bats (South Pavilion). Bp ee re eas 2 nema Bice? 2. ON aa 
Habitat Groups of North American Birds (South Central Wing)........ 
Public Health: Water Supply, Insects and Disease (West Corridor) ..... 
Pe TOT ATa VV CStRCOIrTICOD yout tee, 9s eles ty ees Pad 
- _\~*Endians of South America (Southwest Wing).. ......... Cai, MR aoa ce 
\< me Chinese and Siberian Collections (Southwest Pavilion)................... 
SOLON Y GOLA VINE fue nena etn a a ee ite hohe Goes Mee Gee 
Mammals of the World, Their Families and Evolution Bolter ast Ar LP 
Hall of Insect Life (Southeast Pavilion).. ; 


FouRTH FLOOR: 
Ee WOLUFUILE ORSLER VOT LeDTALeS: cena oe os paca eae en vie ee ee 
Pose carheptiles (hast WOMMdOr) as vee ode tne oer a he Ee ek tee 
Early Man, Mastodons and Mammoths (South EE Jee Meee hee 
Mammals of the Tertiary Period (Southeast Wing).. eM eS 
Fossil Reptiles and Fishes (Southeast Pavilion). . pe A Race 
Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology (South Central W ing).. iscoy: Rea ee: 
MMmerals and Gems (Soutco west, Wile lower ss vas ech ecu Maew an. 
Collections from the Pacific Islands (Southwest Pavilion)............... 
Collections from the Philippines (West Wing)......................... 


Firru Fioor: 
RASTA T ee CP IOOR © ite a Naira ee cr danas eae eke AR ee NR eS Phy! os 


TLIBTOHY-AND VV ORK OF THE (VIUSE UMass ieee oe ael ve le ees ee oe 
Ih) GIR DEIROI es fa cre ee a Ee ian, a nd Cie On. in ek, ee 
TES ee as Ce hab ee Sek Te 3 


Page 


“aI kee Re 


PREFATORY NOTE 


It is frequently necessary to rearrange the exhibits in order to provide 
space for new material or to put into effect advanced ideas regarding 
methods of exhibition, and as these changes are taking place all the time, 
it unavoidably happens that now and then discrepancies will be found 
between the actual arrangement of the specimens and that noted in the 
GuiIpE. In some cases further information may be obtained from the 
GuipE LraFrLets which describe exhibits of special interest. See list 
of Popular Publications. 


WEST CENTRAL 
CENTRAL 
WING | PAVILION 
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SOUTHWEST SOUTH SOUTHEAST 


SOUTHWEST WING SOUTHEAST WING 


PAVILION PAVILION f PAVILION 
= = 
ro} uni ost saan 1 J ELEVATOR 


FLOOR PLAN OF THE MUSEUM 


Showing the location of the halls and the names by which they are designated in 
this Guide. See Key to Exhibition Halls on opposite page. 


The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed 
Museum building, which will consist of four long fa¢ades, facing east, west, north 
and south respectively, each connected with the center of the quadrangle formed by a 
wing extending between open courts. Thus the hall at the eastern end of the south 
facade (the only facade completed) becomes the “southeast pavilion.’’ The east 
wing and southeast court hall are now in process of construction. 


a 


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~ A 
ry \ 
KEY TO EXHIBITION HALLS 
See Floor Plan on Opposite Page 
Location in Museum Page 
Adminigtrative OInces.o..) 2 aie « easica Seka ninelans Pitth Mloor,, South Pavilionoeass ou ose 124 
Africa Collections TPO). ...5. «s+ 245s. cae cee Second Floor, West Wing..... .......... 48 
mie and Monkeys. .—-sss =Loird Bloor, “South Pavilion. ws) een. 69 
27 Asia, ital gs ‘from.. eo eee ee bird. Floors  Soutbwest.cavillons «oo. 9] 
Auditorium.. + HITSt LLOOre INOItD Corridor. eo 15 
Auduboniana.. w Lhird:\Eloor) West Corridor........0)0 +e. 86 
Birds, Local.. ieee eecOnGerioor, West. Gorridor..,..4ans aiees 42 
Birds of North America (Habitat Groups). RLS Ae Third Floor, South Central Wing....... z 73 
Binge Of hen.W.Orld see de esas, tate aks be dias Second Floor, South Central Wing........ 49 
COR VOR eatin, oh oes rae ee ts eae Sle ow oes Fourth Floor, South Central Wing........ 116 
CSeIT Ere ATMOT LCE ceterlere = etn teh che Mita fies soc ates Second Floor, Southwest Wing... ... 43 
China.. ee ee ee ere DIT LU LOOL se. SOUL West. ba VALLON. sh sera 9] 
Darwin ‘Hall. hea: Cee ae tae UT NE aD ORR NE fi 8 ectaen OO First Floor, Southeast Pavilion......... 30 
ap DINOSAUT BS errors tee rere EE =Fourth Floor, Southeast Pavilion......... 107 
_-Elephant Group.. ..“4.8 cond Floor, Southeast Pavilion......... 67 
“engine UGO IT ete ee ere es ae Cee Bt in ced First Floor, North Corridor....... 16 
Bedicimio: Gollectionin 4c ees ten tstec one eee ie ee First Floor, North Corridor....... 15 
RAB OS LV OCRD Lan en en ee eee A SeGONC. LL Loor Central: Pavillom ss ie 55 
MOOG SHGOMOINICH sity Lt. toner ene eae MM cree First Floor, Southeast Wing............ 29 
ROROStTY NOLEN OA MeTICaTi ee wie ce eae hao see First Floor, Southeast Wing............ 27 
ORS Lae? EVEL LE CSe hemes erate =k. cad, Snes eEe oes Fourth EHloor; East Corridor......-...-.... LOO 
HORsLENVOrteDrecess a. een Ce dork. Gee saree Fourth Floor, South Central Wing. . ...... 113 
MogslaviaAmMMalsUViASCOCON) aspen erik eee 2 chs Aas Fourth Floor, South Pavilion............ 100 
Fossil Mammals (Horses, er sues eLC.)-o eee ee Lourth’ Ploor, southeast: Wings... oo eek 103 
Wy ossil Reptiles and Fishes. . A ..Fourth Floor, Southeast Pavilion......... 107 
yems and Precious Stones. . ee ee eee HOULT DEE lOOr mM SOULLWeBta Wana 5 os fame © 
CrEGLOR yeRELISHOLICA ls meee ete ett Me ace ee ates Fourth Floor, South Central Wing........ 115 
aT LOLSeM I VOLUILION OF8><. oo eee avian © Oe teens Fourth Floor, Southeast Wing............ 103 
OTHE Under DOMesticationyy sa 0.42.) sac & ole Kourth Floor, West Corridor’:....)..5.s00r sui ly 
NOIANSLGEOULLIE A Ori Ca mere. ie roa eee an ia LenirdeRlooraeSouthwesth Willa. seers ree 87 
SEI Ndians OL toeeNOrTtn Paci oanter: «hanes. ake First Floor, South Central Wing........ 13 
BAL TchitnsrOtsbHese AINS. Aksar eto) soni mae ays cae First Floor, Southwes:s Pavilion......... 20 
Pau nitiatisro: Che. mOUtNWEBt. oa. eiione snc eas ba dams First Floor, West Wing... .... 22 
_- Indians of the Woodlands...........................First Floor, Southwest Wing... MA eee 17 
LCORUTO rs ts UT Os Uae eee este Le ee de see First Floor, Letpolt pntrance.-- eee ; 8) 
Insects. . ee eee eee HIT, LLOOr-s Southeast: Pavilion: 4 : 95 
fir er ieee ee oh ok ds First Floor, Southeast Pavilion......... 30 
Library.. Hitth) Bloor,» WestiCorridor.. s7500 1245 bez 
— Mammals of North America....................--. Second Floor, Southeast Wing............ 59 
NLA SLOT te: VW OLiden wae mink cee Gol eee Third Floor, Southeast Wing............ 93 
ERM SLE REGRET aS se EN WDA GR ank. es snare Bixee ook Fourth Floor, South Pavilion............ 100 
—~ Members’ GOIN Se Lee ee a ee el AVE Thirds Mloorss Hast Corridor. ee 69 
Viamiorin this) se eer ee ee Pie oe ee tae dae First Floor, South Pavilion............ 9 
meV GLOGELLGH tL ace eee ee) See) ee ae ee Eirst Hloor, sSouthibavilion seen ee 11 
SE VIGLOOTLLOS IEEE Se oe ee Nee a PAL A ce yy ae First Floor, North Corridors. eee 15 
LW ESS @ 7 5(0 hn: SW, Seated iy ao ny ARE ie eee PE Oo ea Second Floor, Southwest Wing............ 43 
Minerals. . ts Aen he ey nears ae OUrtH Floor, Southwest Wing........ 119 
Pacific Islands Collections...............:+:+:++-s- Fourth Floor, Southwest Pav iow see ChE! 
°) Peru.. .. Third Floor, Southwest Wing. .......... 87 
Philippine Collections. . =H ourthsHloorsaW esta ang os sane ee 123 
Polar Pears ae HITstet | OGr mE EAA Gc OFT COL sae een DHE 
“ee Prehistoric Man.. ..Second Floor, Southwest Pavilion 47 
Public Health. . Paoirdsbloores West Corloore ae eee 1) 
_. Reptiles and Amphibians. . . second Floor, South Pavilion............ 37 
Se Rage eet eI: hte LL. Cet ee eo Third Floor, West Wing.. pa Spare © 92 
MISILOLR ee LLOOII eee eee eee aes) te a uirst.tloor.) kunt, of Entrance......... 9 
meee ENC cp ol sce epiaat fea Real ESF Datta I a a ee Re Third Floor, Southeast Wing.. 93 


Woods of North 


A IN GLIGA eee ate gy ets. sito 


. First Floor, 


Southeast Wing... Meee ae ears 


The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum building, 
which will consist of four long facades facing east, west, north and south respectively, each connected 


with the center of the quadrangle formed by a wing extending between open courts 
at the eastern end of the south facade (the only facade completed) becomes the “ 


Thus the hall 
southeast pavilion.”’ 


“I 


MEMORIAL STATUE OF MORRIS K. JESUP 


Mr. Jesup, President of the American Museum of Natural History for more than a 
quarter of a century, was a staunch supporter of the institution’s two aims: to be a great 
educational institution for the people and also a center for activity in scientific research 


8 


NOKIA 


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SOUTH 


SouvTH PAVILION 


MEMORIAL HALL 


Before entering the Museum one notices the ‘“‘ Bench Mark”’ estab- 
lished by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1911 on which is 
inscribed the latitude and longitude, 40° 46’ 47.17” N.,, 
73° 58’ 41” W., and height above sea level, 86 feet. 

On the right is a “pothole” from Russell, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., 
formed by an eddy in the waters of a stream beneath the melting ice 
Glacial of the glacier that covered northern New York. The 
Pothole stream carried pebbles that, whirled around by the eddy, 
cut and ground this hole, which is two feet across and four feet deep. 

On the left is a large slab of fossiliferous limestone from Kelley 
Island in Lake Erie near Sandusky, whose surface has been smoothed, 
Glacial grooved and scratched by the stones and sand in the 
Grooves bottom of the vast moving ice sheet or glacier that covered 
the northeastern part of North America during the Glacial Epoch. 

The Information Bureau and the Visitors’ Room are on either side of 
the south entrance. Wheel chairs for children or adults are available 
without charge. Postcards, photographs, guide leaflets, and Museum 


Bench Mark 


Visitors’ publications of various sorts are for sale, and visitors may 
Room arrange to meet friends here. On the right and left of the 


entrance are small Assembly Halls in which lectures to classes from the 
public schools of the City are given and where the New York Academy of 
Sciences and other scientific societies hold their meetings. 


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METEORITES LI 


From the lobby the visitor first enters Memorial Hall and faces the 
Statue of marble statue of Morris K. Jesup, third President of the 
Morris K. Jesup Museum. Mr. Jesup was a founder, trustee and bene- 
factor of the Museum and for twenty-seven years its President. Under 
his administration and through his liberality the Museum made rapid 
progress. This statue of Mr. Jesup was executed by William Couper 
and was presented to the Museum by the Trustees and a few other 
friends. The marble busts in the wall niches represent noteworthy 
pioneers of American science, and are the gift of Morris K. Jesup. These 
include Benjamin Franklin, statesman and natural philosopher, 
Alexander von Humboldt, geographer and geologist, Louis Agassiz, 
zoologist, Joseph Henry, physicist, John James Audubon, ornithologist, 
Spencer Fullerton Baird, zodlogist and founder of the United States 
Fish Commission, James Dwight Dana, geologist, John Torrey, botanist, 
Edward Drinker Cope, paleontologist, Joseph Leidy, anatomist, and 
Robert E. Peary, explorer. 

Memorial Hall was once the lecture hall and here thousands have 
listened to Professor Bickmore. 

Circling this same hall is a portion of the collection of meteorites, 
popularly known as ‘‘shooting stars,’ ranging in weight 
from a few pounds to 36.5 tons. The greater number of 
meteorites are stony, but the more interesting ones are composed chiefly 
of iron, while certain meteorites contain both stone and iron. The 
toughness of iron meteorites is due to the presence of nickel, and the 
fact that they were so difficult to cut is said to have led to the adoption of 
an alloy of nickel and iron in making armor plate for battleships. Meteor- 
ites have a very definite structure and when polished (see specimens on 
the right with electric lamp) show characteristic lines which together 
with their composition are to the expert absolute proof that the speci- 
mens are meteorites. 

‘“Ahnighito”’ at the left is the largest known meteorite in the world 
and was brought from near Cape York, Greenland, by Admiral Peary in 
Ahnighito 1897. It weighs more than 36.5 tons and its transporta- 
Meteorite tion to New York was an engineering feat. The Eskimos 
called it “toopik” or tent. On the other side of the entrance is the 
curiously pitted ‘‘Willamette’’ meteorite from Oregon. This is the 
third in size of known meteorites. The general collection of meteorites, 
one item of which is more than 2000 boloids of the famous ‘‘ Holbrook,” 
Arizona, stone shower, may be found in the corridor beyond the end of 
the North Pacifie Hall on this floor. 

Jadeite Here too is a polished boulder of jade, or jadeite, the 
Boulder second largest ever found. 


Meteorites 


WEAVING A CHILKAT BLANKET 
One of the Mural Paintings by Will S. Taylor. 


INDIANS OF NORTH: PACIFIC COAST i) 


SOUTH CENTRAL WING 
INDIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST 


North of Memorial Hall—that ts, to the rear of 
the Jesup statue—is the North Pacific Hall, where 
are displayed collections illustrating 


Indians of 


British the culture of the Indians of the north- 
Columbia west coast of America. These collections 
and Alaska 


are arranged geographically so that in 
passing from south to north through the hall the 
visitor meets with the tribes in the same sequence 
that he would in traveling up the west coast of 
North America. 

The most striking object is the great Haida 
Canoe in the center of the hall. In it is a group 
representing a party of Chilkat Indians 
on their way to celebrate the rite of the 
‘“potlatch.”’ The potlatch is the great ‘‘ giving cere- 
mony,’ common to all the coast tribes, when indi- 
viduals and families gladly impoverish themselves 
that the dead may be honored, and social standing 
of the clan or family recognized and increased. At 
the stern of the canoe, which is represented as 
approaching the beach, stands the chief or ‘‘medi- 
who directs the ceremony. The canoe, a 


Haida Canoe 


) 


cineman,’ 
huge dugout made from a single tree, is 64% feet long 
and 8 feet wide and capable of carrying 40 men. 
Against the pillars and walls of the hall are many 
house posts and totem poles with their grotesque 
arvings; the latter may represent 
either the coat of arms or family tree, 
or they may illustrate some story or legend connected 
with the family. The Haida Indians together with 
the Tlingit are recognized as superior in art to the 
other Indian tribes along the northwest coast of 
North America. They are divided into a number of 
families with various crests for each family and 


Totem Poles 


Chilkat grouped in two main divisions, the 
Blankets Ravens and the Eagles. The Tlingit 


are makers of the famous Chilkat blankets, of which 
the Museum possesses an exceptionally fine collection. 


ae 
‘Totem pole at Wran- 
gel, Alaska. At the 
bottom is a beaver with 
a frog under his chin; 
above is a raven; and 
above the raven a frog, 
which is surmounted by 
a human head. 


14 RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES 


Among some of the other tribes there is little wool weaving, the 
clothing consisting of shredded and softened inner tree bark braided 
and matted together. The Indians of this region are preéminently 
a woodworking people, as is manifest in the exhibit. Religious ceremo- 
Religious nies and the wearing of masks generally supposed to aid 
Ceremonies the shaman or priest in curing disease were customary 
among most of the tribes. The masks represented guardian spirits 
and by wearing them the shaman impersonated these spirits and assumed 
their powers in healing the sick or obtaining game. 


ESKIMO HOME SCENE 


There are some instructive groups in the corridor near the entrance to the Audi- 
torium. In one, a home scene within a snow house or “‘igloo,’’ an Eskimo woman is 
cooking blubber over the flame from a seal-oil lamp; another represents an Eskimo 
woman fishing through the ice and a man about to strike a seal under the ice. 


AUDITORIUM 19 


The mural decorations by Will 8. Taylor between the windows on 
Mural both sides and that at the south end of the hall represent 
Decorations the industries and ceremonies of the Indians of this re- 
gion. That temporarily at the north end of the hall by Frank Wilbert 
Stokes relates to the Eskimo and their country. 


NORTH CORRIDOR 


The Eskimo collections will be found in the adjoining hallway and 
corridor. Near the entrance is an Eskimo woman fishing through the 


The ice. She has formed a windbreak with blocks of ice. The 
Eskimo fish rod and hook and the long ladle are made of bone and 


with this latter she keeps the water in the hole from freezing over while 
she is fishing. Just back of her stands a man about to strike a seal under 
the ice. In another case will be found an Eskimo woman cooking in the 
interior of a snow hut or igloo lined with sealskin. She is using a stone 
lamp filled with seal oil, which feeds the flame over which the meal is 
being prepared. In this section will be found collections obtained by the 
Stefansson-Anderson expedition from the Eskimo of Coronation Gulf, 
some of whom had never seen a white man. In other cases are shown the 
clothing of the Eskimo, the many ingeniously made implements, and 
many finely carved and engraved ivory objects from the collections made 
by Peary, Comer and MacMillan. 

The Auditorium, opening from the corridor, has a seating capacity 
of 1400, and is equipped with two screens, 25 feet square, for stereop- 
ticons. Free public lectures are given here Tuesday 
and Saturday evenings from October to May under 
the auspices of the Board of Education. There are also special lectures 
for Members of the Museum as well as lectures for school children. At 
the entrance of the lecture hall is appropriately placed a bust of Professor 
Albert S. Bickmore, originator of the movement that resulted in the 
erection of the Museum, first curator, and founder of its lecture system. 

The further portion of the corridor is occupied by the collection of 
building stones, a series of rocks illustrating the geology of Manhattan 


Auditorium 


Building Island and some large specimens of interest in general 
Stones geology. The center of the corridor is occupied by the 


general collection of meteorites, one of the largest and most representa- 
tive in this country, containing as it does specimens from 
about 500 of the 700 falls and finds that are known through- 
out the world. Some of the principal features of our collection are 
2000 or more individual masses from the stone shower which occurred 
when a large meteorite exploded near Holbrook, Arizona, in 1912: these 


Meteorites 


16 METEORITES 


have, been arranged in a case by themselves to illustrate a concentration 
of the»shower. 

The entire mass of ‘‘ Ysleta,’’ an iron meteorite weighing 310 pounds 
which was found near the ancient village of Ysleta, New Mexico, in 1914. 

The largest mass, 20 pounds in weight, of the stone meteorite which 
exploded and fell near Richardton, North Dakota, on the 10th of 
June, 1918. 

The largest mass, about 5 pounds in weight, of the stone meteorite, 
which burst and fell near Cumberland Falls, Kentucky, on the 9th of 
April, 1919. 

A series of polished and large etched slices of tron meteorites, includ- 
ing an entire section of the Mt. Edith, Australia, mass, showing the 
Widmanstitten lines in great perfection, and polished slabs from several 
large stone meteorites: these are in a case by themselves which like- 
wise contains several comparatively large entire single masses of some 
famous falls. 

At the end of the corridor is the power room, where may be seen 
demonstrated the transformation of the potential energy 


Power Room ; é 4 : 
of coal into heat, light and motion. 


PART OF DUGOUT CANOE 
Found at Cherry St., New York. 


Return to Jesup Statue 
West CORRIDOR 

To the right or west of the Jesup statue are three halls devoted to 
Indian collections. To reach these the visitor passes through the West 
Corridor, which is devoted to the temporary display of recent acquisi- 
tions or small collections of particular interest. Opening from this 
is the West Assembly Hall, frequently used for temporary exhibitions 
as well as meetings. Here is installed a painting by Howard Russell 
Butler, giving a vivid idea of the eclipse of June, 1918. 

On the landing, at the head of the stairway, is the William Demuth’ 
collection of pipes and fire-making appliances from many parts of the world. 


INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS L7 
SOUTHWEST WING 
INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS 


The halls to the west contain collections from the North American 
Indians of the Indians and together with the hall in the south central 
Woodlands wing present the nine great culture areas of North America. 

(See map on the right of the entrance.) 

The hall you now enter represents three of these culture areas. Filling 
the greater part of the hall are the tribes of the Eastern Woodlands 
who occupied the middle portion of the North American continent 
vast of the Mississippi. In the first of two wall cases is a comparative 
exhibit in miniature of the houses, methods of cooking, transportation, 
and dress of the various tribes of North America. Midway of the 
hall on the right side are represented the peoples of the Southeast. 

Near the entrance of the hall will be found the remains of our local 
Indians. On the left are some specimens of pottery vessels and many 
small objects of stone and bone recovered from the Island of Man- 
hattan and the neighboring territory of Staten Island, Long Island 
and Westchester. Nearby on the same side of the hall are collections 
obtained from living Indians of the coast region north and south of 
New York. These are the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy of Maine, 
the Micmac and Malecite of the lower provinces of Canada, and a few 
but rare objects from the Delaware who once occupied the vicinity of 
New York City and the State of New Jersey. The age and historical 
relations of these cultures are shown in a large label at the left of the 
entrance. 

A family group of Micmac Indians, in a birch bark wigwam, is shown 
half way down the hall. 

On the opposite side, the north, are the Iroquois whose league 
comprised the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and later 
the Tusearora. They dominated New York and much adjoining terri- 
tory. The exhibits represent particularly the agriculture of the East, 
which was carried on with rude tools by the women. 

In a case in the aisle are exhibited wampum belts which were highly 
esteemed in this region. They served as credentials for messengers 
and as records of treaties and other important events. Later, wampum 
beads came to have a definite value as currency, especially in trade 
between the white men and the Indians. 

In the farther end of the hall, on the left, are the collections from 
the Ojibway, Hiawatha’s people, who lived mainly north of the Great 
Lakes. They had but little agriculture, living chiefly by hunting and 


Is INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS 


AN IROQUOIS WARRIOR 
From the Group in the Woodland Indian Hall 


fishing. Beyond the Ojibway are the Cree, who live still farther north. 
Here is to be seen the rabbit skin clothing of our childhood rhymes. 
Opposite the Ojibway are the great Central Algonkian tribes, the Me- 
nomini and Sauk and Fox, who lived south and west of the Great Lakes. 
They gathered wild rice and hunted and fished, practising also some ag- 
riculture. In one of the Menomini cases are some skin bags beautifully 


INDIANS OF THE PLAINS 19 


worked in porcupine quills. These bags were used in the Midewin, the 
secret society of the shamans. Visitors interested in the designing art 
will find the cases of this hall full of bead, quill and textile designs of a 
high order. (See Guide Leaflets, “Indian Bead Work” and ‘Indians of 
Manhattan.”’) 

The dwellings are of several forms, among which may be mentioned 
the long rectangular houses of 
the Iroquois covered with oak 
bark; the dome-shaped huts 
of Long Island and_ vicinity 
which were covered with mats 
and bundles of grass, and the 
familiar conical wigwam_ of 
the Ojibway covered with 
birehbark. The utensils are 
of pottery, wood or birehbark. 
Pottery was not made by all 
the Eastern tribes and seems to 
be associated with the practice 
of agriculture. The designs are 
incised, never painted. Bowls, 
trays, and spoons are made of 
wood and often decorated with 
animal carvings. The use of 
birchbark in the construction 
of lght, portable household 
vessels is a particular trait of 
our Eastern Indians. 

In the southeastern portion 
of the United States agricul- 
ture was highly developed. 
These tribes are represented 
by the Cherokee and Yuchi 
who made pottery, and by the 
Choctaw and Chitimacha who 
have interesting baskets made 
of eane. The Seminoles of 
Florida have maintained an A DANCER OF THE DOG SOCIETY 
Arapaho Indian. 


independent existence in the 
Everglades for nearly acentury. ‘Their picturesque costumes are shown. 
Their prehistoric arts are illustrated in the table case; they excelledin 
polishing stones and working shell. 


20 INDIANS OF THE PLAINS 


SOUTHWEST PAVILION 


INDIANS OF THE PLAINS 


The collections from the Indians of the Plains will be found in the hall 
adjoining. These Indians comprised the tribes living west of the Missis- 
sippiand east of the Rocky Mountains as far south as the valley of the Rio 
Grande and as far north as the Saskatchewan. (See map on south wall. ) 

On the left side of the entrance, against the wall, is a special exhibit 
of life casts and photographs of typical Plains Indians, with tables and 
charts explaining their chief racial characteristics. 

Occupying the greater part of the hall beginning on the left are the 
buffalo-hunting tribes: the Plains-Cree, Dakota, Crow, Blackfoot, 
Indians of | Gros Ventre, Arapaho and Cheyenne. These tribes did 
the Plains ~— not practise agriculture but depended almost entirely on 
the buffalo; buffalo flesh was their chief food, and of buffalo skin they 
made their garments. In some cases a buffalo paunch was used for cook- 
ing, and buffalo horns were made into various implements of industry 
and war. The spirit of the buffalo was considered a powerful ally and 


A DOG FEAST OF THE SIOUX 
Given in honor of Mr. Sanford, Pierre Choteau and Catlin. From the Catlin 
Collection of paintings. 


invoked to cure sickness, to ward off evil, and to give aid in the hunt. 
Whenever the buffalo herds led the way, the more nomadic Plains tribes 
moved their tents and followed. With the extermination of the buffalo 
the entire life of the Plains Indians was revolutionized. 

On the right, near the entrance, are the village tribes of the Plains; 
the Mandan with whom Lewis and Clark passed the winter of 1804-1805, 
the Hidatsa who now live with them, and the Omaha, Kansa, Iowa 


INDIANS OF THE PLAINS 21 


and Pawnee. All these tribes raised corn and lived in earth-covered 
houses of considerable size. A small model of one of these houses 
stands near the exhibits. 

In the center of this hall is a Blackfoot Indian tipi with paintings of 
otters on the sides, representing a vision of the owner. This tipi has 
Blackfoot been fitted up to show the home life of a typical buffalo- 
Tipi hunting Indian. 

There were numerous soldier soci- 
eties among the Plains Indians which 
included practically all 
the adult males. Each 
society had a special dance and special 
costumes. (See the Arapaho cases for 
costume dances.) There were other 
dances connected with tribal religious 
ceremonials, the best known and most 
important of which is the 
sun dance, illustrated by 
a model at the left of the tipi. The 
sun dance was held annually in the 
early summer in fulfilment of a vow 
made during the preceding winter by 
some member of the tribe who wished 
a sick relative to recover. The dance 
involved self-torture, great physical 
endurance and a fast lasting three 
days, during which time the dancers 
neither ate nor drank. 

In the center of the hall is a gen- 
uine medicine pipe, held in awe by the 
Medicine  Indiansand dearly parted 
Pipe with; also the contents 
of a medicine pipe bundle. The con- 
tents of another medicine bundle, belonging to a leading man of the Black- 
foot tribe (medicineman), together with the headdress which he wore in 
ceremonies, are in a case near the tower. Other remarkable bundles, 
particularly the skull bundle, are in the Pawnee case, on the north wall. 

The Plains Indians are noted for their picture writing on skins and for 
their quillwork, which has now been superseded by beadwork. They 
have a highly developed decorative art in which simple geometric 
designs are the elements of composition, this being one of the most 
interesting features of their art. (See Dakota case and Guide Leaflet No. 
50.) [See Handbook No. 1, North American Indians of the Plains.| 


> 


Societies 


Sun Dance 


PIPE AND TOBACCO BAGS 
Dakota Indians 


bo 
bo 


PUEBLO INDIANS 


West WING 
INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST 


On the left are collections from the sedentary Indians who occupy 
the pueblos of the Rio Grande and of Hopi, Acoma and Zufi; and also 


Pueblo the objects recovered from the prehistoric pueblos, caves 
Indians and cliff-dwellings. On the right are the nomadic Indians 
—the Eastern and Western Apache, the Navajo, the Pima and the 
Papago. 


The sedentary Indians live in large community houses, often with 
several receding stories, built of stone or adobe. They depend chiefly 
upon agriculture for their food, make a great variety of pottery, and have 
many elaborate religious ceremonies. The nomadic peoples live in tipis 
or small brush and thatched houses which are moved or deserted when 
they are forced to seek the wild game and wild vegetable products which 
furnish much of their food. They make baskets for household purposes 
which are more easily transported than vessels of clay. There are 
models in the hall of the pueblos of Taos and Acoma, of prehistoric 
cliff-dwellings and of the houses used by the Navajo. In the first 
alcove on the left are shown the pottery of the villages along the Rio 
Grande, the principal art of the region, skin clothing, household utensils 
and ceremonial objects. 

The upright cases of the next alcove are filled with wonderful pre- 
historic pottery. That in the wall case is from Pueblo Bonito. Similar 
black and white ware with very elaborate and splendidly executed 
designs, in an adjoining case, is from Rio Tularosa, one of the upper 
tributaries of the Gila, where a vanished agricultural people once lived 
in pueblos and cliff-dwellings. A third case has material gathered by 
the Museum expedition which explored Galisteo Valley, New Mexico. 
In the table case and in a case standing in the aisle is shown the wonder- 
ful art work in turquoise, shell, stone and wood of the former inhabi- 
tants of Chaco Cafion. These objects, as well as the pottery from Pueblo 
Bonito mentioned above, were secured by the Hyde expedition. 

In the next aleove, devoted to the Hopi, are the costumes, masks, 
images, and plaques used in their ceremonies. Besides the well-known 
snake dance, the various Hopi villages have many interesting ceremonies, 
a number of which are concerned with the rainfall and the crops. 

The inhabitants of Zufii are believed to be the descendants of the first 
people seen by the Spanish in 1540. Their former villages, many of 
which now are in ruins, were probably the ‘Seven Cities of Cibola,” for 


PIMA. NAVAJO 23 


which Coronado was searching at that time. Although they had 
missionaries among them for about three centuries, they have retained 
many of their own religious ceremonies. Many objects pertaining to 
these ceremonies as well as to everyday life are shown in this alcove. 
In the last case on this side of the hall are examples of Zuni and Acoma 
pottery. 

At the north end of the hall opposite the Zufil, space is given to an 
exhibit from the tribes of California. In the large end wall case the 
baskets of the region are arranged so as to show the various types. 

The Pima, east side of the hall, practised irrigation, raising by its aid 
the corn and beans on which they relied for food and the cotton which 
they used for their scanty garments. The Papago, with 
whom they are closely associated, occupied the more arid 
portions of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, securing their living 
from such desert products as the giant cactus, the century plant, the 
yucca and the mesquite, and small game. Examples of their food, 
basketry, pottery, and ceremonial articles are shown. 

From the aisle near the Pima-Papago section one catches a glimpse 
of the home of the Hopi. This large group represents the First Mesa 
with the village of Walpi. The canvas was painted by Howard MecCor- 
mick and the figures were modeled by Mahonri Young. 

The Navajo, a large and widely scattered tribe, inhabit much of the 
country drained by the San Juan and Little Colorado rivers. During 
the winter they occupy log houses, but in milder weather 
camp with the slight shelter of a cliff or a windbreak and 
shade made of brush. They live by raising corn in the moist valleys, and 
on the flesh of their numerous flocks of sheep. 

They are the present-day blanket makers of North America. They 
make use of the wool of the sheep they raise, carding, spinning and weav- 
ing it by means of the simplest jmplements and looms. This art is 
believed to have arisen since the coming of the Spanish and it is known to 
have passed through several stages in the last sixty years. The older 
types of blankets here shown contain yarn which was obtained by cutting 
or ravelling from imported flannels, called in Spanish ‘“‘bayeta,”’ from 
which the blankets of this sort receive their name. These are either 
bright red or old rose in color, resulting from cochineal dye. Several 
blankets are made of yarn bought ready dyed from the traders and are 
called Germantowns. The greater number, however, contain yarn of 
native spinning, dyed with native vegetable and mineral dyes. 

The Navajo are also expert silversmiths. Their tools and samples of 
workmanship are displayed in a case in the center of the hall. 


Pima 


Navajo 


x6 


IS IU 


‘opty Aprep jo syinsand Areurpso oy} Ul peseSue UMOYS ore SUBIPUT 0G} PUB ‘TOULUINS SI OUT} 9} SVUOZLIY “LOATY SOpLB,) UBS Of} JO AOT[VA Ol} UT prep st ou 


dnNOUD AHOVdYV AHL 


APACHE 2) 


The Western Apache live along the upper portion of the Gila and 
Salt rivers, where they practise agriculture, gather the wild products 
and hunt. People, related to these, under Geronimo, 


Apache ; : : 

raided the settlements of southern Arizona and northern 
Mexico and evaded our troops for vears. They live in grass-thatched 
houses or in the open under the shade of flat-topped, opensided shelters. 
In an adjoining alcove is an industrial group with painted background 
showing the well-watered San Carlos valley occupied by the Apache for 


many generations. Jt7s shown on page 24. 


cad 
og 


NA 
PR nage TRU ren soc: E 


y Aa’ 


Sinai al Te 
gee atte 


AS 


state TRE ARES oy sehen gE NR ge 
a 


‘*: 


as 
tt 
4 
| 


vee 


a 
rg 
ee eapetetenety enttendbinstintae pte bay ap 


a me MED | 
eee os 
ES 


RO en mi! Ait gr hetirtad N AAERE NIE 


An attractive Navajo blanket from the Museum’s valuable collection. The Navajo Indians of 


[ the Southwest are a wealthy, pastoral people, and the best Indian blanket makers of North 
America. 

The Eastern Apache lived in buffalo-skin tipis. 
on the plains in search of the buffalo herds, avoiding, if possible, the 
plains tribes, but fighting them with vigor when necessary. In dress and 
outward life they resemble the Plains Indians, but in their myths 
ceremonies they are like their southwestern relatives and neighbors. 
The baskets of the Apache are shown in the large end case, which is in 
contrast with the corresponding case of pottery on the other side of the 
hall. Not the environment, but social habits, caused one people to 

develop pottery and the other to make the easily transported and not 
easily breakable baskets. [See Handbook No. 2, Indians of the Southwest. | 
Return to the Jesup Statue. 


They went far out 


and 


MAGNOLIA IN THE FORESTRY HALL 


Each of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a 
section of trunk five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests 
to-day. Many of the specimens are accompanied by wax models of leaves, flowers 
and fruits accurately reproduced from life in the Museum laboratories. Most note- 
worthy among them is the magnolia shown here. 


26 


i) 
~I 


NORTH AMERICAN WOODS 


KAST CORRIDOR 


POLAR MAPS 


Leaving the statue on the left and ‘‘ Willamette’? meteorite on the 
right, and going east, the visitor enters the corridor where the elevators 
are located (Hast Corridor). Here will be found maps of the north and 
Polar south polar regions showing the routes of explorers. On 
Expeditions the wall are sledges used by Admiral Peary in his last 
three expeditions in search of the North Pole. The Morris K. Jesup 
Peary sledge, which the Admiral used in his successful polar 
Sledges expedition, is the one nearest the entrance. The various 
sledges in their differences of style show the persistent effort made by 
Admiral Peary to bring the sledge up to its greatest possible usefulness. 
That he was successful on his last trip was in part due to the final 
modification. 

On the opposite side of the map is one of the sledges used by Amund- 

Admundsen sen on his journey to the South Pole. 
Sledges In a room at the north end of this corridor is the large 
Mainka seismograph for recording the occurrence of earthquakes. This 
was given to the New York Academy of Sciences by Emerson McMillan, 
and by the Academy deposited in the Museum. 


) 


SOUTHEAST WING 
JESUP COLLECTION OF NORTH AMERICAN WOODS 
To the east of the elevators is the Hall of North American Forestry, 


containing a nearly complete collection of the native trees north of 
Mexico, presented by Morris K. Jesup. On the right is 


Jesup } 

Collection of 2 bronze tablet, by J. E. Fraser, the gift of J. J. Clancy, 

North depicting Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite wood 

seeps ee at Lenox, Mass., and, still farther to the right is the bust 
ooas 


of Charles Sprague Sargent under whose direction the 
collection was brought together. On the opposite side is a bust of 
John Muir, by Malvina Hoffman, presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. 
The exhibit illustrating food needs and food conservation is provision- 
ally installed in this hall. 

To the left is a section of one of the Big Trees of California, sixteen 
feet. in diameter and 1341 years old. [See Guide Leaflet No. 42.] It 
began its growth in the year 550, so that it was nearly a thousand years 
old before America was even discovered. The long label, illustrating the 
conclusions reached by Ellsworth Huntington as the result of long study, 
shows how the climate of the past is recorded by the trees, and how great 
historical events are related to great changes in climate. 


“YBoH Oqng Jo pusupredag “FIqryxG poo oy} Jo Ww 
SdOOHA ATaISSOd 


eclceranees 


pirssee 


8G 


SCOPE OF THE FOOD EXHIBIT 29 


The specimens show cross, longitudinal and oblique sections of the 
wood finished and unfinished, and the labels on the specimens give the 
distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood and its eco- 
nomic uses. The trees are grouped by families and the location of each 
family will be found on the floor plan in the first case on either side of 
the hall. The reproductions of the flowers, leaves and fruits in nat- 
ural size are instructive. This work is done in the Museum laboratories. 


FOOD NEEDS AND FOOD ECONOMICS 


The Food Exhibit presents in graphic form the needs of the human 
body and shows how these needs can most economically be met. Special 


Scope of emphasis is laid on the need for mineral salts and for the 
Food indispensable elements called vitamines, and models 
Exhibit illustrate the contribution made by the commoner foods 


to the daily need of energy, protein, iron, lime and phosphorus. 

The composition of certain common foods as regards protein, carbohy- 
drate, fat, mineral salts, water and refuse, is graphically illustrated. A 
special series of models shows the size of 100 calorie portions of the more 
important foodstuffs, classified by costs. 

Two cases are devoted to the problems of the world’s food supply, its 


World production and distribution. The importance of the rice, 
Problem wheat and other grain crops is emphasized and the rela- 
of Food tion of cereal production to national prosperity is brought 
Supply out by models and diagrams. Special data are presented 


in regard to the cost of food distribution, particularly as related to New 

York City, with suggestions as to the art of economical marketing. 
In order to make the exhibit as practical as possible, an adequate 
daily dietary for an individual is exhibited, based on a moderate in- 
come, also specimens and models illustrating a complete 


Practical eae: ; 
weekly food supply for a family of five persons, so adjusted 

Data for the es ri ee ae 

Housewife 8 to meet all essential physiological needs at a minimum 


cost. A special set of models illustrates the relative im- 
portance of the cost of food as a factor in the family budget. 

Finally there are shown specimens and models to illustrate the im- 
portance of certain valuable foods which would be of material value in 
our diet and should come into far more general use. The soy bean, 
which is the staple protein food of China, and the dasheen, introduced 


Exhibit of with success from the West Indies, are here exhibited 
Unutilized with a series of valuable vegetable oils, potential food 
Foods flours, edible mushrooms, and unutilized foods of our 


sea-coast, such as whale meat, shark meat, mussels and seaweed. 


30 INVERTEBRATES. PROTOZOA 


SOUTHEAST PAVILION 


INVERTEBRATES 


At the extreme east is the Darwin Hall, devoted chiefly to the inver- 
tebrate animals (those which do not possess a backbone) and to groups 
illustrating biological principles. Facing the entrance is a bronze 
bust of Darwin by William Couper, presented by the New York 
Synoptic Academy of Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin 
Series centenary in 1909. Passing around the hall from left to 
right the progression is from the lowest forms of animal life, the one- 
celled Protozoa, to the highest and most complex forms of animal life, 
the Primates, including man. The distinctive characteristics of each 
group are fully described on the alcove and case labels. Many of the 
minute forms are represented by skilfully prepared models in glass and 
wax showing the animal many times enlarged. Thus the visitor may 
obtain an idea of the form and structure of these animals which in spite 
of their small size have in so many instances such a vital influence on 
the life of man. 

This alcove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single- 
celled individuals. The simplest kinds are abundant in swamps and 
Alcove 1 stagnant water, others are found in myriads in the sea, 
Protozoa while the ocean bottom in many localities is covered 
with them. The exhibits in this aleove are mainly models, some of which 
represent Protozoa enlarged more than a thousand diameters. 

Sponges are principally of two kinds—those with skeletons or sup- 
Alcove 2 porting structures of silica (i.e., flint) and those with skele- 
Sponges tons of horny fiber. The sponges of commerce belong 
to the latter class. In the dry specimens exhibited the skeleton only 
can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Many of the 
‘“‘olass’’ sponges are very beautiful in design. Sponges range in size 
from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic ‘‘ Nep- 
tune’s goblets’”’ found in the eastern seas. This aleove contains certain 
specimens whose tissue is represented in wax tinted to show the natural 
coloring of sponges, which varies from the bleached yellowish color 
commonly seen to deep brown or black, or yellow and red, in varying 
shades. 

In Alcove 3 are shown coral animals and their relatives: plantlke 
hydroids which often are mistaken for sea moss, but which really are a 
series of polyps living in a colony; jellyfishes with their umbrella- 
Alcove 3 shaped bodies and long, streaming tentacles; brilliantly 
Polyps colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the 
magenta colored organ-pipe coral, the stony corals, and the precious 


INVERTEBRATES, FLATWORMS 31 


coral of commerce. Coral polyps, mistakenly called ‘coral insects,”’ 
are the animals that build up the coral reefs. In front of the window is a 
life-size model in glass of the beautiful Portuguese Man-of-War. This 
organism is really a colony of many polyp individuals attached to one 
another, and specialized for various functions. 


The best known species in this group include the tapeworms, whose 
Alcove 4 development and structure are shown by models in the 
Flatworms left-hand alcove case. These are parasitic Flatworms. 
The less familiar free-living flatworms, which inhabit both salt and fresh 
water, are shown on an enlarged scale by models in the right-hand 
alcove case and illustrate well the great diversity of color and detail in 
this group. 


The Roundworms are also parasitic, since they live in the digestive 
Alcove 5 ‘anal of mammals. The most familiar is the common 
Roundworms youndworm or stomach worm, Ascaris, of which an en- 
larged scale model is exhibited, showing the internal structure. 


[Note for teachers and students.—Some of the models in each alcove 
are anatomical, 1.e., so constructed as to show the internal organs of 
typical members of each group. In such eases, arbitrary colors chosen 
to designate the various systems of organs are adhered to consistently 
throughout the series. For example, the digestive system is shown in 
yellow, heart and blood-vessels in red, organs of excretion (kidneys) 
in green, reproductive system in gray, and the brain and other parts of 
the nervous system in black or neutral color. | 


The minute wheel animalcules comprise many exquisite and grotesque 


Alcove 6 forms, some of which construct tubes of gelatinous sub- 
Rotifers stance, sand-grains, etc. A few of the species are parasites, 


but most of them live a free, active life. They are aquatic and found 
mainly in fresh water. 


The sea-mats are minute, colonial animals of plant-like growth, 
Alcove 7 often occurring as encrustations on shells and seaweed. 
Sea-Mats and A few species also occur in fresh water. The lamp- 
Lamp-shells shells shown in this alcove superficially resemble clams, 
but by structure are more closely related to the worms and starfishes. 


Alcove 8 is occupied by the sea-stars, brittle stars, sea-urchins, sea- 


Rlonca < cucumbers and sea-lilies. The sea-star is the pest of the 
Sea-Stars oyster beds, where it feeds on oysters and destroys them 
and Their in large numbers. The brittle stars are so called because 
Relatives 


of their habit of dropping off one or more arms when 
handled or attacked. These, however, are later renewed. 


32 INVERTEBRATES, ANNULATES 


The Annulates, typified by the familiar earthworm, are worms whose 
bodies are made up of rings or segments. They are inhabitants of both 
Alcove 9 fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the mud and 
Annulates — sand of the shore while others bore into wood and shells. 
The marine annulates are often very beautiful in color and greatly 
diversified in form and habits, as illustrated by the models, many of 
which are greatly enlarged. The ‘‘houses” that these annulates build 
are often very beautiful and interesting. 

Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, myriopods, insects, 
spiders and their relatives. The number of existing species in this 
Alcove 10 group is greater than that of all the rest of the animal 
Arthropods kingdom. No other group comprises so many species 
useful or harmful to man. In the case in the center of the alcove is a 
model showing the anatomy of the common lobster, also enlarged models 
showing heads of various species of insects. On the wall are the two 
Crustaceans largest specimens of lobster that have ever been taken. 
~and Insects = They weighed when alive thirty-one and thirty-four pounds. 
respectively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, 
which, like that placed on the wall, may have a spread of about ten 
feet. The main exhibit of insects is displayed on the third floor. 

The Mollusks form a group second only to the arthropods in the 
vast number of diversity and forms which it embraces, including marine, 
inary fresh-water and land animals. All mollusks have soft 
Manuals bodies, but nearly all of them secrete a shell which in many 

species is of pearly material (mother-of-pearl). Well-known 


Medea examples of this group are the common clam and oyster, 
Clam and , : i 
Oyeree and enlarged models in the center case show the anatomy 


of this species. A large collection of mollusks is shown 
on the third floor. 

Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelli- 
gent of animals. This group culminates in man, who still bears witness 
to his chordate ancestry in the retention of a chorda (cartilaginous 
spine), and gill clefts during embryonic life. Among these ances- 
tral forms are the Ascidians, or Sea-squirts, an enlarged model of which 
Alcovel? is shown in the central case, while others are seen among 
Chordates the animals on the wharf-piles in the window group. 
Including Other models in the central case show the development 
Vertebrates of the egg of typical vertebrates. 

In the circular tower alcove in the southeast corner of the hall is a 
comprehensive synoptic series of stony corals. Central cases in this 
tower and at its entrance show unusually large speci- 


Corals ; ; ; 
mens, while a magnificent example of madrepore coral six 


INVERTEBRATES. CORALS 33 


feet in diameter is shown to the rear of the bust of Darwin. The associa- 
tions of marine life found in the Bahamas are represented by several 
small groups in the center of the hall. 

Here also four large models show the mosquito, which is the active 


Models of agent in the spread of malaria and stages in its develop- 
the Malaria ment. These models represent the insect enlarged 
Mosquito seventy-five diameters or in volume four hundred thousand 


times the natural size. 

In several of the alcove windows are habitat groups of inverte- 
Window brates illustrating the natural history of the commoner 
Groups and more typical, and showing how the kinds or species 
of animals found in any locality vary with the character of the bottom 
or of the surroundings, known as ‘‘the relation of animals to their 
environment.” 

In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm Group, reproduc- 
ing these animals with their associates in their natural surroundings, as 
seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Mass. The harbor and the distant 
view. of Woods Hole village with the U. 8. Fish Commission buildings 
are shown in the background, represented by a colored photographic 
transparency. In the foreground the shallow water of the harbor near 
Marine Worm the shore is represented in section to expose the animal 
Group life found on muddy bottoms among the eel-grass, as well 
as the chimneys of various worm-burrows. In the lower part of the 
group a section of the sea bottom exposes the worms within the burrows. 
Several species of these are represented. 

In the Mollusk Aleove window is shown the natural history of a 
sand-spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the 
shore mollusks and their associates. The entrance of the harbor 
is seen in the distance. In the foreground at the edge of the sand- 


Shore spit a mussel-bed is exposed by the receding tide over which 
Mollusk fiddler-crabs are swarming into their burrows. Beneath 
Group the water surface an oyster is being attacked by a starfish, 


while crabs and mollusks of various species are pursuing their usual 
activities. 

The window group in the Vertebrate Aleove shows the submersed 
piles of an old wharf at Vineyard Haven, Mass., covered with flower- 
Wharf Pile like colonies of invertebrate animals. Among these are 
Group sea-anemones, tube-building worms, hydroids, mussels, 
sea-mats and several kinds of ascidians or sea-squirts. The latter are 
primitive members of the Chordate group which includes the verte- 
brates. Like the embryo of man, they possess during their larval period 
a chorda or cartilaginous spine. At first they are free-swimming but 


A PART OF THE WHARF PILE GROUP 


34 


WINDOW GROUPS, VARIATION 39 


later in life many of their organs degenerate and they become fitted to a 
stationary mode of life. 

In the northeast corner of the hall, a window group shows the animals 
and plants of a rock tide-pool, the ‘Agassiz Cave,” at Nahant, Mass. 


Rock Under a natural bridge below a 60-foot cliff the falling 
Tide-Pool tide leaves a pool in a rocky basin, sheltered within 
Group which is a community of sea-anemones, sea-stars, corals, 


sponges, hydroids and other animals living in the midst of a gorgeous 
sea-garden of marine plants such as are common on the northern New 
England coast. Through the arch of the natural bridge may be seen 
a curious rock formation known as “ Pulpit Rock.”’ 

At the end of the Arthropod Alcove, a group shows an incident in the 
struggle for existence among Crustacea in their natural surroundings on 


Sound the sandy bottom of Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. 
Bottom Here is a den of lobsters in a crevice beneath the seaweed- 
Group covered granite boulders forming the reef known as the 


Devil’s Bridge. In the sand near by the Lady Crabs are accustomed to 
burrow to escape their lobster enemies. An unwary crab has ventured 
out to hunt for shrimp and is immediately pounced upon by one of the 
vigilant and voracious lobsters. 

A recent group represents two square inches of sea bottom as though 
enlarged under a microscope to an area five feet square. The front of the 
Bryozoa case is built to represent a huge magnifying glass, through 
Group which the visitor sees marine plants magnified to tree- 
like proportions, encrusted with colonies of bryozoa or ‘“‘sea-mats,”’ 
composed of thousands of individuals, each of which builds a ‘‘house”’ 
or shell of graceful, vase-like form; hydroids, giving rise to tiny ‘‘medu- 
se”’ or jelly-fish; and even protozoa are brought within the range of 
vision. Associated animals, such as the flower-like, tube-building worms 
and sea spiders, are enlarged to grotesque proportions. This group illu- 
strates well the prolific and varied jungle worlds, found even in the 
smallest areas of the sea-bottom, the existence of which, because of their 
microscopic size, is not suspected by casual observers. 

Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin and 
those who came after him. On the left facing the entrance, variation 


Variation under domestication is illustrated by dogs, pigeons, and 
Under domesticated fowls, the wild species from which they have 


Domestication },een derived being shown in company with some of the 
more striking breeds derived from them. 

On the right, various exhibits will show variation in nature. An 
Variation example of this is the variation among the finches of 
In Nature the genus Geosp7za in the Galapagos Islands. 


36 STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. HEREDITY 


Other examples show by means of a series of mollusks the range 
of color variation within a single species of West Indian Sun Shell, 
variation of sculpture within a single genus of land snail, and variations 
about the normal type of the common scallop. 

The struggle for existence is portrayed by the meadow mouse, sur- 
Struggle for rounded by its many enemies and yet continuing to main- 
Existence tain an existence by virtue of its great birth rate. 

The simpler features of the laws of Heredity as elucidated by Mendel — 
and his followers are illustrated by the inheritance of 
seed-coat color in the common pea, the color of sweet 
peas, and the coat-color of rats. 


Heredity 


Return to the elevators and ascend to the second floor. 


A PART OF THE SEA WORM GROUP 


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1. Elevator. 2. Copies of Maya Monuments. Mexican Textiles. 3. Local Birds. 


SECOND FLOOR 
SouTH PAVILION 


REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 


This hall illustrates a phase of Museum progress, the temporary dis- 
order that precedes an ultimate change for the better. At present the 
hall contains a mixed assemblage of animals brought hither from other 
halls in process of rearrangement. 

The group of king penguins from South Georgia Islands, one of 
four devoted to the bird life of South America, is provisionally installed, 
awaiting the construction of the Hall of Ocean Life. 

Across the hall is a group of Sea Elephants from Guadelupe Island 
Sea Elephant off the coast of Lower California, where a small colony 
Group still existed in 1922, a pitiful remnant of the vast herds 
once found there and exterminated for their oil. 

Near by is a fine group of Fur Seals showing a sma!l family, or harem, 
of these animals which furnish the valuable sealskin coats. The fur 

seals were threatened with commercial extermination 

through pelagic sealing, but since this has been stopped the 
herds have steadily increased until there are now over 550,000 on the 
Pribilof Islands. The last two groups like the Penguins, belong in the 
Hall of Ocean Life. 

Here, also, awaiting the construction of the new wing, is exhibited the 
collection of reptiles and amphibians. Because of the difficulty of 
Reptiles and preserving the natural covering of many of these animals 
Amphibians they were usually exhibited in jars of alcohol. The mount- 
ing not only brings out the principal! features of the species exhibited, but 


Fur Seal 


37 


OLD AND YOUNG SEA ELEPHANTS 


From the group intended as one of the large ‘‘ habitat groups” in the Hall of Ocean Life 
authorized by the Board of Estimate, December 28, 1921, and now in process of construction. 


REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 39 


in many instances illustrates also some distinctive habit of the animals; 
for instance, the common newt, one of the salamanders, is represented by 
a series of five life-size casts showing the process of shedding the skin; 
Pickering’s hyla or the ‘spring peeper”’ is shown with vocal sacs inflated; 
and so on. Many of the specimens on exhibition here are wholly, as in 
the case of frogs and salamanders, or partly, as is true of some of the 
turtles made of wax, carefully colored, these being some of the cases 
where the artificial is more natural than ‘‘the real thing.”’ 

The classification of these animals is shown in the upright cases, 
one being devoted to those species found within fifty miles of New 
York City: the groups in the center of the hall represent various rep- 
tiles as they appear in their natural haunts. They include the tuber- 
culated iguana, the water moccasin, the diamond-backed rattlesnake, 
the Gila monster, and others. 

One of the most interesting of the groups is a jungle scene in India 
showing a water monitor, one of the largest of living lizards, the poison- 
ous Russell’s viper and the deadly spectacled cobra, the 
last with hood distended and poised ready to strike. 
The cobra is said to be the cause of a large proportion of the 20,000 
deaths which annually occur in India from snake-bite, though the most 
deadly of all serpents is the little krait. Examine carefully the group of 
Copperhead the copperhead snake or ‘‘red-eye,”’ one of the two species 
Snake Group of poisonous snakes to be found in the vicinity of New 
York, and also the group contrasting the harmless watersnake with the 
poisonous water moccasin of southern cypress swamps. Two groups are 
devoted to rattlesnakes, which are easily recognized by the string of 
rattles at the end of the tail, by means of which they give warning 
before they strike. There are comparatively few species of poisonous 
snakes in the United States—about sixteen in all—comprising rattle- 
snakes, the moccasin, copperhead and two kinds of coral snake. All 
other species are harmless and in spite of the almost universal prejudice 
against them are very useful allies of man, since they live chiefly on 
rats, mice and insects injurious to crops. 


Entering the darkened room near by we find a group of unusual in- 
terest, showing the common Bullfrog of North America. This group is 
Bullfrog a study of the bullfrog undisturbed in its typical haunt. 
Group It illustrates the changes from the tadpole to the adult 
frog and shows many of the activities of the frog—its molting, swim- 
ming, breathing under water and in air, croaking and “‘lying low” 
before an enemy; also its food habits in relation to small mammals, 
to birds, snakes, insects, snails, to small fish and turtles. 


Cobra Group 


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Another group is the Great Salamander or Hellbender, best known in 
the creeks of western Pennsylvania. The group pictures them at 
breeding time, and shows their characteristic stages and habits: thus 
Great one of the salamanders is pictured molting, another, a 
Salamander male, is brooding a great mass of eggs; and the group 
explains many details of their manner of living. 

This depicts the spring life of a little pond in southern New England. 
In the water may be seen the egg masses and tadpoles of 
various toads and frogs, while in and about the pool are the 
young and full-grown in characteristic poses, including some with 
vocal saes distended in the act of ‘‘singing.”’ 


Toad Group 


Lower In striking contrast with these water-loving animals is 
California a group showing one of the desert islands off the coast of 
Lizards Lower California where reptiles must go without water 
for long periods. Page 40. Latest, largest, and finest of the groups 
Florida is that showing the semi-tropical life of Southern Florida, 
Group on one side a stretch of cypress swamp, on the other the 


sandy lowlands, each with its characteristic life, alligators, turtles 
and snakes. There are nearly 200 animals in this group and while they 
would not all be found together at any time yet all might be found in 
such a spot at some time. This does not portray any particular locality, 
simply the character of the localities where reptiles are to be found. Not 
more than one or two of the species shown here would be found together 
at any one time and one might pass years in Florida without seeing as 
many reptiles as are here assembled. 


SoutH CORRIDOR 


MAYA SCULPTURES MEXICAN TEXTILES 


Here are casts of a number of important examples of Maya art, for 
which room could not be provided elsewhere, and a series of Mexican 
textiles, illustrating the effects of Spanish culture on Indian Art. 


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42 LOCAL BIRDS 


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THE AMERICAN ROBIN—FIRST OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS 


West CORRIDOR 


LOCAL BIRDS 


Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor, which contains the 
collections of local birds. 

In this room are specimens of all the species of birds which have been 
known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible 
each species 1s shown in all its different plumages. In the wall-case next 
the windows on the visitor’s left is the Seasonal Collection containing 
the birds which may be expected to occur in this region during a part 
or the whole of the current month; in its left-hand two panels are the 
permanent residents, which are never changed, and in the right-hand two 
are the migrants, which are changed as necessary about the first of 


MAYA ART 43 


each month. In the next case on the left comes the General Collection of 
all birds found within this area, arranged according to the current 
American system of classification, beginning with the Grebes and 
continuing around the hall to end with the Thrushes by the southwest 
window. 

Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of 
species known to nest within fifty miles of the City, there are down the 
middle of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their 
nests. These, the forerunners of our ‘‘ Habitat Groups,” were the first 
of their kind made for the Museum. 

At the head of the stairs, on one side, is a map of the country within 
fifty miles; on the other, a case of accidental visitors—stragglers from 
other parts of the country and from other countries which have been 
taken within our limits. 

At the other end of the room, between the windows, are exhibits which 
explain what is meant by a subspecies, and through what changes of 
plumage a bird passes from the time of hatching; and a bust of John 
Burroughs, by C.S. Pietro. 


SOUTHWEST WING 
ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 


Continuing west past the collection of local birds we enter the south- 
west wing, devoted to the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central 
America. Fronting the entrance is a cast of one of the 
two ‘“‘serpent columns” that flanked the entrance to the 
Temple of the Jaguars: the coloring has been reproduced from studies 
by Major George O. Totten. Near the center of the hall are accurate 
models of temples which illustrate the high quality of Maya architec- 
ture, though the builders were hampered by their ignorance of the arch. 
Many of these temples were built on high mounds, faced with stone, but 
they have nothing to do with the pyramids of Egypt. 

The casts of large upright stones, completely covered by sculpture, 
represent the art of the Maya civilization in Guatemala and Honduras. 
Nearly all carry decipherable dates in a strange system of counting time. 

At the left of the entrance on the south side of the hall is the extensive 
Costa Rican exhibit of Mr. Minor C. Keith. Thisincludes stone seulpture 
and a great variety of pottery interesting in form and design. To this 
collection also belong much of the gold and jade arranged in the cases 
in the center of the hall. See page 46. 

In the table cases on this side of the hall are facsimile reproductions 
of native books or codices, which were painted free-hand on strips of 


Maya Art 


THE AZTEC GODDESS OF THE EARTH 


The famous statue of the Aztec Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘The 
Serpent-skirted One,”’ is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in 
Mexico City near the Cathedral in the year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important 
place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, and probably 
dates from the last quarter of the 15th century. 

The head, which is the same on front and back, is formed by two repulsive serpent 
heads meeting face to face. The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which 
are doubled up with the elbows close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head. The 
skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes. The creature wears about the neck 
and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and hearts with a death’s 
head pendant in the center, Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very old 
woman and as the mother of the Aztec gods. 


AZTECS AND MAYAS 45 


deerskin, paper and cloth. Several original documents are also exhibited. 
The Spaniards, in their zeal to destroy the native religion, burned 
hundreds of these books, which recorded ceremonial rites and historical 
events by means of pictures and hieroglyphs. 

Near by is a replica of the Calendar Stone, which is a graphic repre- 
sentation of the four creations and destructions of the world, as well as a 
symbol of the sun and a record of the divisions of the year. 

In the aisle near the end of the hall stands a copy of the great sacri- 
ficial stone, or Stone of Tizoc, on which is a record of the principal 
conquests made by the Aztecs before 1487. 

The statue of Coatlicue, the mother of the two principal Aztee 
gods, is a curious figure, made up of serpents. See page 44. 

These three sculptures were originally in the Great Temple enclosure 
at Tenochtitlan, the native name of Mexico City before its conquest by 
Cortez. They were buried in the destruction of that city and uncovered 
in 1798. The originals are now in the Mexican National Museum. 

The archeology of Mexico covers many centuries, and relics are found 
deposited in three distinct layers, one above the other. These three 
stages of ancient history are represented on the north side of the hall 
beginning at the western end. The lowest of all is that of the Archaic 
Period characterized by crude figurines of pottery and stone. Next 
came the Maya-Toltec horizon of culture, an extended period during 
which great pyramids were constructed and beautiful works of art were 
produced. Lastly came the Aztec period, beginning about 1100 A.D. 
The Aztecs were not nearly so highly civilized as the Mayas had been 
before them. They were much given to human sacrifice. The Zapotecs 
in southern Mexico are famous for elaborate funeral urns, and for the 
temple ruins at Mitla. 

The Mayas were perhaps the most highly civilized people in the New 
World. They built many cities of stone and erected many fine pillar- 
like stelae to which attention was called on entering the hall. The sculp- 
tures on these monuments represent priest-like beings who carry serpents 
and other ceremonial objects in their hands. There are also on them 
long hieroglyphic inscriptions containing dates in the wonderful Maya 
calendar. Maya history contains two brilliant periods. That of the 
south, extending from 160 A.D. to 600 A.D., was chiefly remarkable 
for its sculptures. The principal cities were Copan, Quirigua, Tikal, 
Yaxchilan and Palenque. The second period fell between 950 A.D. 
and 1250 A.D., and centered in northern Yucatan. The chief cities 
were Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Labna, and the finest works of art were 
architectural. (See Handbook No. 3, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico 
and Central America.) 


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NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN 47 


SOUTHWEST PAVILION 
EVOLUTION OF PREHISTORIC CULTURES 
NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN 
Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion, given over to a 
demonstration of the chronological development of the principal human 


Cave Man arts and industries initiated before the days of written 
_and the history, the era of the Cave Man and the Lake Dweller. 


Lake Dweller The section of the hall to the left, or south of the center 
aisle, is devoted to the Old World, while the section to the right is given 
to the New World. There are four rows of table cases in the hall and 
each row or tier constitutes a unit, or part of a unit, and should be 
examined in order, beginning next the entrance and going towards the 
opposite west wall. 

The first table case on the left gives a key exhibit for the Old World. 
Here is shown the order of development of several of the most common 
The Evolu- tools, weapons, utensils and ornaments, ranging, as in 
tion of the case of the ax, from crude “‘eoliths’’ many thousands of 
Cultures years old up to the metallic forms more or less like those 
in use at the present time. The various stages of improvements are 
arranged in levels and new forms of tools, with correspondingly new arts 
and industries, will be seen to make their appearance in each of the 
successive levels, as the case is viewed from front to back, beginning at 
the left end. The succeeding cases in this row take up all the different 
levels here indicated, treating each one as fully as the available arche- 
ological material permits. 

The adjoining row of cases on the left, next the windows, gives the 
stratigraphically determined order of cultural development for several 
separate localities in the Old World, such as France, the Baltic region, 
Switzerland and Egypt. Here are shown the fragmentary, but strictly 
scientific, details of the story told in simplified form in the first row of cases. 

The northern half of the hall, and the wall cases devoted to America, 
will when completed be arranged on the same general plan. 

The wall frescoes in the southern half of the hall are copies of early 
European cave art; those in the northern half are copies of American 
Indian art, most of late prehistoric date. 

In the circular, or tower room, in the southwest corner, an exhibit for 
the racial history of man is in course of preparation. In the left wall case 
The Evolu- near the entrance to this room is an exhibit showing the 


tion of important face and head differences in modern man and 
Races also the instruments and methods for measuring faces and 


heads. On the opposite wall is a similar demonstration for body measure- 
ments. The adjoining cases on either side of the entrance to the tower con- 
tain the skulls and bones (casts) of fossilmen, the ancestors of modern man. 


West WING 


COLLECTIONS FROM AFRICA 


Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is 
the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides 
ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals. 
The Forest Hogs, the rare Okapi and the so-called white Rhinoceros 
are particularly noteworthy, and three cases are devoted to Antelopes, 
characteristic of Africa. The future extension of the Museum will 
provide room for groups of African mammals, including elephants. 
The installation is roughly geographical, i.e., as the visitor proceeds 
through the hall from south to north he meets the tribes that would be 
found in passing from south to north of Africa, and the west coast is 
represented along the west wall, the east coast along the east wall. 

There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hotten- 
tots, and the Negros. In the north the Negroes have been greatly 
influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with 
them. 

At the south end of the hall the wall is decorated with reproductions 
of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive 
of African natives. 

Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest 
of the hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron 
tools. The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a 
group near the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products, 
such as knives, axes and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. 
The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally 
from the American Indian, the Oceanian and the Australian. 

All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling, 
while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Cloth- 


48 


BIRDS OF THE WORLD 49 


ing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. The manu- 
facture of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to 
the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the 
northeastern section of the hall, while looms and the completed gar- 
ments are shown in the large central rectangle devoted to Congo 
ethnology. The most beautiful of the last-mentioned products are the 
‘pile cloths’? of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with 
decorative pattern by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other 
carvings, especially a series of ivories from the Congo, bear witness to 
the high artistic sense of the African natives, who also excel other primi- 
tive races in their love for music, which is shown by the variety of their 
musical instruments. 

A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northern section 
of the hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a 
process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. It is 
doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native. 

The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous 
fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. 
Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine- 
men. 

Return to Central Pavilion. 


SoutH CENTRAL WING 


BIRDS OF THE WORLD 


Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of 
birds. In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000 known species 
Birds of are represented by typical examples of the principal groups 
the World = arranged according to what is believed to be their natural 
relationship. The series begins with the Ostriches, the ‘“‘lowest”’ birds 
(that is, those which seem to have changed least from their reptilian 
ancestors), and goes up to those which show the highest type of develop- 
ment, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes and Finches. 
The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the 
geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens 
are grouped according to the great faunal regions, the Antarctic, South 
American Temperate, American Tropical, North American Temperate, 
Arctic, Eurasian, Indo-Malay, African and Australian realms. These 
cases in connection with the accompanying maps give opportunity for a 
comparative study of the birds of the different parts of the world. In 
each region, as in the Synoptic Collection, the birds are arranged in their 
natural groups to the best of our present knowledge. 


50 EXTINCT BIRDS 


THE DODO 


Restored from Old Dutch paintings. This gigantic, monstrous pigeon, was abund- 
ant in Mauritius when the island was discovered, but was quickly exterminated jby 
the early Dutch navigators. 


Down the middle of the hall near the entrance are several cases con- 
taining birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The Labrador 
Duck, once a common visitor to our Long Island shores, 
became extinct for no known reason. The Great Auk and 
the Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on small 
islands and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The Passenger 
Pigeon of North America lived by the million in such dense flocks that 


Extinct Birds 


EXTINCT BIRDS ol 


. i ia % - » 
A ‘ Z ‘ é e RA DS a RS wn aunt - 


THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER 
One of a series of four small groups showing the bird’s seasonal changes of colors 
brought about by molting and feather growth. 


vast numbers were slaughtered with ease, but the last individual died in 
captivity Sept. 1, 1914. The Heath Hen formerly had a wide range on 
our Atlantic seaboard, but as a game bird it was so continually perse- 
cuted, in and out of the breeding season, that it is now extinct except 
for a colony under protection on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. 
Specimens of all of these birds are shown here, the Dodo being repre- 
sented by an incomplete skeleton and by a life-size reproduction copied 
from an old Dutch painting. Others of our splendid game birds, such 
as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are nearly, if not quite, 
gone, and more, like the Wood Duck and Wild Turkey, will soon follow 
them if a reasonably close season and limited bag be not rigidly enforced. 
Still others—the beautiful Egrets and the Grebes, for example—have 
already gone far on the same road owing to the great demand for the 
plumage for millinery purposes. 

Also down the center of the hall, and in certain alcoves as well, are 
several cases designed to illustrate the general natural history of birds. 


LIBRARY 
HINIVERSITy OF ILLINOIS 


| 
LS) 


BIRDS OF PARADISE 


LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT 
From the Group in the American Museum. 


The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all 
three) often worn by one species, will be found illustrated in the 
General Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard Orioles, 
Topics Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The 
relationship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet, 
wings, tail, etc., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in 
other cases, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds. 
Other cases show instances of albinism, hybridism and other abnor- 
malities; the excessive individual variation in a bird called the Ruff; 
birds of prey used by man in hunting; a few domesticated birds (an ex- 
tensive collection of which will be found in Darwin Hall); the growth of 
the embryo and the structure of the adult bird; Archzopteryx, the oldest 
fossil bird; and a map-exhibit of migration. 

In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic 
Collection of Eggs, which shows the variation in the number in a set, 
size, shell-texture, markings, shape, etc., and tells some- 
thing of the laws governing these things. The succeeding 
cases contain the general exhibition collection of nests and eggs, princi- 
pally those of North American and of European birds. 

Near the center of the hall is a nearly complete collection of the Birds 
of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This family of birds 
Birds of is confined to New Guinea, Australia and some neighbor- 
Paradise ing islands. Their feet and bills show their close relation- 
ship to the Crows and Jays, which they resemble in nesting habits 
as well. Their chief characteristic is of course their gorgeous plumes, 
wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty. For 
these plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers 


Eggs 


BIRDS OF PARADISE Ox 


~~ 


that unless the demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be 
exterminated, as the Great Bird of Paradise is already believed to be. 
More Birds of Paradise have been sold at a single London auction 
(23,000 in two sales) than are contained in all the museums of the world. 

In this hall, too, are a number of groups of local and other birds which 
are placed here only temporarily. In fact, much of the arrangement of 
the hall will be changed as soon as circumstances permit. 


Finback Suspended from the ceiling is the skeleton of a Finback 
Whale Whale, sixty-two feet in length, and a reproduction of the 


Giant Ray or Manta, among the specimens intended for the Hall of 
Ocean Life. 


j 
4 
- 


Pal 
THE WHOOPING CRANE 
A bird almost extinct. Shown in the ‘Habitat Groups. ”’ 


SHUVHS ANTA AO ATINVA V 


wt 


RECENT FISHES D: 


(ORRIDOR OF CENTRAL PAVILION 


RECENT FISHES 


The exhibit of fishes occupies the center of the north end of the-hall 
of the birds of the world and the corridor beyond the door leading to 
the gallery of the Auditorium. 

The exhibit includes typical examples of the various groups of back- 
boned animals popularly comprised in the term “‘fishes,”’ and is arranged 
in progressive order. The visitor should first examine the case of hag- 
fishes and lampreys facing the large window, near the end of the corri- 
dor. These rank among the most primitive ‘‘fishes.””. They are with- 


A PORTION OF THE PADDLEFISH GROUP 


out scales, without true teeth, without paired limbs, and their backbone 
consists of but a rod of cartilage. One of the models shows the way 
Hag-fishes in which a newly caught hag-fish secretes slime, forming 
and around it a great mass of jelly. In the same case are 
Lampreys lampreys, and one of them is represented attached to a 
fish, which it fatally wounds. The nest-building habit of lampreys 
is illustrated in a neighboring floor case; here the spawners are prepar- 
ing a pit-like nest and carrying away stones, which they seize with their 
sucker-like mouths. 

Next to be visited are the silver sharks or Chimaeroids, shown on 
the other side of the shark group. They are now known to be 
highly modified sharks: their scales have failed to develop, and their 


o6 FISHES. WINDOW GROUPS 


heavy ‘“‘teeth”’ appear to represent many teeth fused together. These 
fishes are now very rare and, with few exceptions, occur in the deep sea. 
The present models show the characteristic forms. Between these ex- 
hibits is a group showing the blue shark with its young. 

The visitor should then inspect the cases of sharks which are situ- 
ated on the south side of the corridor. These include various forms of 
sharks and rays, selected as typical members of this 
ancient group—for the sharks have numerous characters 
which put them in the ancestral line of all the other groups of fishes. 

An adjacent case pictures the three types of surviving lungfishes, 
and the models are arranged to indicate the life habits of these interest- 
ing forms. Thus they are shown going to the surface of 
the water to breathe; and their poses indicate that they 
use their paired fins just as a salamander uses its arms and legs. In 
fact, there is reason to believe that the land-living vertebrates are 
descended from forms closely related to lungfishes. One sees in this case 
also a “‘cocoon,”’ in which the African lungfish passes the months when 
the streams are dried up and during which time it breathes only by its 
lungs. 

Returning again to the cases of sharks, one sees on a panel above 
them two huge sturgeons and two large garpikes. These are examples 
of the group known as Ganoids—fishes that represent, as it were, 
a halfway station between lungfishes and sharks on the one hand, and 
the great tribe of bony fishes on the other—such as perches, basses, cod, 
etc. A further glimpse of the Ganoids may now be had by viewing the 
spoonbill sturgeon. (paddlefish) group, on the side opposite. In this 
group a number of these eccentric fishes are shown side by side with gar- 
pikes and other characteristic forms from the lower Mississippi. This 
group was secured through the Dodge Fund. In the window are groups 
Window showing the shovel-nosed sturgeon, and the spawning 
Groups habits of the bowfin and of the slender-nosed garpike,— 
all Ganoids. 

Passing now through the door leading to the Bird Hall, we are con- 
fronted by a case containing additional examples of the Ganoids. Here 
one sees garpikes, sturgeons, the mudfish (Ama), together with the 
African Bichir, a curious Ganoid encased in bony scales and retain- 
ing structures which bring it close to the ancestral sharks. 

The remaining cases in the center of the bird hall give characteristic 
examples of the various groups of modern ‘‘bony fishes,” or Teleosts. 
There are fourteen cases of them in all, but they offer little 
space in which to illustrate the 10,500 species. For these 
are the fishes which are dominant in the present age, contributing over 
nine-tenths of all existing forms and including nearly all food and game 
fishes such as bass, cod, eel and herring. 


Sharks 


Lungfishes 


Teleosts 


DEEP-SEA FISHES od 


The eases should be examined in the order in which they are arranged; 
and one may pass in review the catfishes, carps, eels, trout, salmon, 
pike, mullets, mackerel, basses, wrasses, drumfishes, sculpins, cods, flat- 
fishes and anglers. 

The end case exhibits the grotesque fishes from deep water, in which 
they occur to the surprising depth of over 3,000 fathoms, or more than 
Deep-Sea 3% miles. They are usually soft in substance, with huge 
Fishes heads and dwarfish bodies, and are often provided with 
illuminating organs like little electric bulbs, which can be ‘‘shunted”’ off 
or on by the fish, and enable the fishes either to see their neighbors or to 
attract their prey. A group representing a number of these fishes as 
they are supposed to appear in the gloom of the profound depths, lit up 
only by their luminous organs, is shown in an enclosure next to the 
Paddlefish Group mentioned above. 

Before the visitor has completed his view of the hall, he should 
examine the two wall cases, on either side of the doorway, which explain 
the characteristic structures of fishes of different groups, and the way 
in which the groups are related to one another. In one of these wall 
eases various kinds of fishes have been arranged in a genealogical tree, 
and the lines and labels give an idea of their evolution. 

Above the cases hangs a reproduction of the Giant Ray or “devil- 
fish’’ over sixteen feet across, taken by Mr. Coles, with whom Colonel] 
Roosevelt made the expedition described in Scribner’s for October, 1917. 


Return to the Elevators. 


A DWELLER IN THE DEEP SEA 


ALLEN HALL OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 


58 


NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS a9 


P > 
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Vtae tes es Ae and , 
CALF A CHARACTERISTIC 
MAMMAL 
The big game of North America is described in Guide Leaflet No. 5, 
North American Ruminants. 


NORTH AMERICAN 


< 


BISON COW AND 


SOUTHEAST WING 
MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA 


Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter the hall 
devoted to North American mammals. At the right of the entrance is a 
bronze tablet in memory of Dr. J. A. Allen who, for thirty-six years, was 
Curator of the Department of Mammals. Something like 2,000 kinds or 
species and subspecies of mammals have been described from North 
America, and the purpose of the exhibits is to show those that are pe- 
culiar to that region or characteristic of it, the more important, or more 
striking, being displayed in groups that tell something of their home life 
or of the region in which they live. The individual specimens give some 
idea of the variety of species found in North America. 

The appearance and arrangement of the hall is impaired by the 
Boreal Mammals placed here in order to provide room in the adjoining 
hall for the great group of African Elephants and other mammals, 


60 NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 


The first mammal to catch the eye is the Giant Moose of Alaska. 
Back of this is a group of Moose from New Brunswick, and beyond 
Moose this the American Bison; these groups, mounted years 
Bison ago, are still among the finest as well as the largest 
examples of their kind. See Leaflet “The Story of Museum Groups.” 


THE WEASEL IN WINTER 


One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of 
New York City. The others of the series show opossum, red and gray foxes, skunk, 
mink, muskrat, woodchuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some ‘‘fur- 
bearing” species; weasel fur is often used instead of ermine and the muskrat has 
become one of the most important species. 


Immediately at the left of the entrance are the Grizzly and Alaska 
Brown Bears, the latter the largest members of the family. The larger 
groups in their order are the Virginia Deer, Timber Wolf, Beaver, Roose- 
velt Elk, Mountain Sheep, Puma and Pronghorn Antelope. The 
habitat groups proper show the animals in some characteristic occu- 
pation and, whenever possible, in a family group. The smaller groups, 
mostly shown in floor cases, include a number of species ‘“‘found within 


NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 61 


fifty miles of New York.’ Among them are the Skunk and Opossum, 
Gray Fox and Brown Bat, Weasels, summer and winter pelage; Otter 
and Mink, Coney and Say’s Chipmunk, Pack Rat and Jack Rabbit, 
Red Fox, Woodehuck, Chipmunk and Flying Squirrel, Rabbit, Hare 
and Red Squirrel, Coyote and Wild Cat. 


PART OF PRONGHORN ANTELOPE GROUP 


This animal is peculiar to North America and is the only hollow-horned ruminant 
in which the horn sheaths are shed yearly. 


The Opossum, noted for its cunning and tenacity of life, is the sole 
representative in the United States of the Marsupials, or pouched 
Opossum mammals. The skunk is a useful, though much abused 
and Skunk = animal, now valuable for fur which is sold under the 
euphonistic name of Alaska Sable. While it occasionally destroys 
poultry and other birds, its principal food consists of injurious Insects 
and field mice. Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted 
by a pair of glands situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability 
to eject this fluid to a considerable distance. 


69 


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OdVaOTO) NI SHA TOM YAPWIL “TIVUL AHL NO 


NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 63 


The Virginia, or white-tailed deer, found over a large part of North 


Virginia America, is shown in its summer coat; other species of 
Deer our deer are displayed in the adjoining cases and some 
beautiful albinos may be found in the hall above. 

Weasel, The weasel, in summer and winter dress, the otter and 
Otter the mink are three important fur-bearing animals still 
and Mink found near the towns and cities. Weasel fur is often used 


in place of ermine. 
One of the most beautiful and at the same time simplest groups in 


Timber the Museum is that showing part of a pack of timber 
Wolf wolves following the tracks of deer. See page 60. 


Opposite this is a group of Muskrats. Owing to its wide distribution, 
the rapidity with which it breeds, and the growing scarcity and increasing 
demand for furs, the muskrat has become one of the most 
important of fur-bearing animals and its skins are sold 
literally by the millions. 

The cats, wolves and foxes, and the host of small creatures like bats, 
moles, squirrels, rats and mice, are represented by numerous character- 
Cats, Wolves istic examples. Here are the jaguar, the largest of the 
and Foxes American cats, the puma, the well-known coyote or prairie 
wolf and the little-known white Arctic wolf from the extreme north of 
Greenland. Here too is the Arctic fox in its two-color phases, the valuable 
blue and the more common white, the one bringing as much as $140 
for fur, the other worth only $12 to $60. 

The beaver, formerly the most important from a commercial stand- 
point of North American mammals, and one intimately connected 
with the early history and exploration of the continent, 
is represented actively at work. 

At the end of this hall is a group of Roosevelt elk found in the Coast 


Muskrat 


Beaver 


Roasavelt Range from British Columbia to Northern California. 
Elk and Once abundant, they have become much reduced in 


Mountain numbers, though an effort is now being made to preserve 
ee them. On the opposite side of the hall are the mountain 
sheep or bighorns. 

Near by is a group of Atlantic walrus, a huge relative of the seal, once 
found in vast herds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and still 
fairly abundant along the shores of Greenland. The seal 

and walrus are the animals which play such an important part in the life 
of the Eskimo. From these animals come the principal food supply, skins 
for clothing, for fishing and hunting gear, boat covers, and harnesses for 
dog teams; from bones and tusks are made knives, harpoons, and other 
hunting and cooking utensils. | 


Walrus 


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BOREAL MAMMALS 65 


Pronghorn The handsome pronghorn antelope, peculiar to North 
Antelope America, once found in vast numbers on the western 


plains, Is now verging on extinction. 

pecars The peccary, one of two species of the pig family peculiar 
to America, is really an intruder from South America. 

Though naturally vicious, it is readily tamed. 

Placed here for lack of room elsewhere are the Polar Bear and other 
“boreal mammals.”’ 

The polar bears obtained by Peary belong with the boreal mammals as 
do the muskoxen which inhabit the Arctic barrens, living mainly on 
Polar Bear —_ willow leaves which they paw up from beneath the snow. 
Muskox An effort is being made to protect and domesticate these 
animals, not only for their flesh but for their long wool. 


COYOTE OR PRAIRIE WOLF 


One of the small groups in the Hall of North American Mammals. 


99 


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NEED FOR A NEW BUILDING 67 


Several species of caribou or reindeer are shown: Grant’s caribou from 
western Alaska, the fine woodland caribou which inhabits Newfoundland, 
and Peary’s caribou, the smallest and northernmost of the group. 
Although fourteen species of caribou occur in North 
America, none has been domesticated, though the species 
brought from Siberia by our Government to furnish food and transporta- 
tion has increased rapidly. 

Owing to lack of an appropriation, no additions have been made 
to the Museum building for the past ten years, but a new wing is now in 
course of erection. 

Due to the continued work of the Museum expeditions, all space in 
the Museum, and especially the storage rooms and workrooms, have 
become badly congested. When Mr. Akeley began the preparation of 
the group of African Elephants, intended as the central piece for the 
projected African Hall, it was necessary to clear out the Southeast 
Pavilion in order to provide necessary space; when the collections were 
received from the Congo Expedition, the collection of fishes was removed 
from the Central Corridor to the Bird Hall to furnish a little storage 
room. The beautiful Reptile Groups are installed in temporary quarters 
in the Central Pavilion, Second Floor, while nothing can be done at 
present toward properly exhibiting the collection of Mammals of the Sea. 


Caribou 


THE PROJECTED AFRICAN HALL 
GROUP OF ELEPHANTS 


The future extension of the Museum will include a hall with 
gallery, devoted to Africa, in which the characteristic mammals will 
be shown in groups amid their natural surroundings; in the center 
of the hall will be placed the monumental group of African Elephants 
recently placed on exhibition and the square-lipped rhinoceroses shown 
near by. This hall, both from an educational and artistic viewpoint, 
will be the greatest and most instructive exhibit ever planned, the 
object being to give and preserve a comprehensive view of the won- 
derful mammalian life of Africa, which for numbers, variety and size 
of individuals surpasses all other portions of the world combined. 

The plans for this hall as well as for the groups have been drawn by 
Mr. Carl E. Akeley, and include many new features in the way of con- 
struction, arrangement and lighting. This great undertaking will 
naturally require many years for its completion, and in view of this fact, 
although no appropriation has as yet been made for the building, the 
preparation of the groups has been commenced. As the work progresses, 
examples of the animals to be included in these groups will be tempo- 
rarily displayed here. 

Return to the Elevators and ascend to the Third Floor. 


pre 
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BIRD LIFE 
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3 SOUTH (4 
1. Elevators 2. Members’ Room 3. Public Health 


THIRD FLOOR 


EAST CORRIDOR 


To the left of the elevators is a room set apart for the use of honorary 
or subseribing members of the Museum where they may leave their 
Members’ wraps, rest, write letters, or meet their friends. It contains 
Room the portraits of the Presidents of the Museum and of 
Mr. Choate and Professor Bickmore who played a most important part 
in the founding of the Museum. Here too may be found books by mem- 
bers of the Museum staff, in many cases based on or deseribing the ex- 
peditions in which they have taken part. Near by is a bronze tablet in 
memory of Jonathan Thorne, whose bequest provides for lectures and 
objects for the instruction of the blind. . 

The “Anglers Collection”? of noteworthy game fishes is temporarily 
displayed on this landing. 


SoutTH PAVILION 


APES, MONKEYS AND LEMURS 


The Systematic Series of Primates, intended to give some idea of the 
number of species in this order, and their range in size, form and color, 
begins on the left with examples of the principal races of mankind and 
is continued in the wall cases around the room, ending with the lemurs. 
Horse-Tailed Species of especial interest are shown in groups, the first 


Monkeys to meet the eye being the beautiful black and white 
horse-tailed monkeys. 

African At the opposite end of the hall is a group of Pigmies from 
Pigmies the Congo illustrating the simple life of this little-known 
people. 


69 


EAST 


JOHN GORILLA OR JOHN DANIEL 


The well-known little Gorilla for several years a member of Miss Cunningham’s household. 


70 


"2 


PROBOSCIS MONKEY 
One of the many interesting forms in the Primates Hall. 


The orang utans, on the south, or left side, show a family of these 
great apes feeding on durians. This group, one of the 
first groups of large animals to be mounted in this country, 
was looked upon as a daring innovation. 

The red monkeys, engaged in rolling up sheets of moss, as one would 
Ine a rug, to get at the insects beneath, illustrate the point 
Red Monkeys that some monkeys feed largely on the ground. 

; At the other extreme are the spider monkeys, so named 
ae from their slender, spidery limbs, and howling monkeys 

who dwell in the tree tops under the roof of the jungle. 

Noteworthy among the single specimens is the gorilla, largest and 
most powerful of apes; ‘‘Mr. Crowley,’ for many years a resident in 
the Central Park Zoo, and the curious proboscis monkey from Borneo. 
Most interesting of all is the little Gorilla known here as John Daniel, 
noted for his intelligence and _ docility. 

Skeletons of man and the large apes illustrate the similarities and 
differences in structure between them, and there is an important series 
of skeletons of monkeys and lemurs. 

The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of 
the order, and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World, are 
represented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, 
Philippine Islands. Such a colony may number several 
thousands, and be very destructive to bananas and other fruits. 


Orang Utans 


Fruit Bats 


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BIRD GROUPS 73 


DUCK HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON 


Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the ‘‘ Habitat Bird Groups,” and 
they present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment. 


SoutH CENTRAL WING 


BIRD GROUPS 


Here are the “Habitat Groups’? of North American birds. This 
unique series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds 
in their natural haunts. The groups have been prepared under the 
immediate direction of Frank M. Chapman, curator of ornithology, who 
collected most of the specimens and made practically all of the field 
studies necessary for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting, 
he traveled more than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions 
of specific localities, painted from sketches made by the artist who 
usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups 
were made. Practically all sections of the country are represented: 
thus the series not only depicts characteristic bird-life of North America, 


74 ORIZABA GROUP 


but characteristic American scenery as well. The backgrounds of the 
groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, Hobart 
Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox and Louis A. Fuertes. The foliage 
and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material 
collected in the localities represented. Each group is fully described in 
the label attached to the case. [See Guide Leaflet No. 28.| Beginning 
with the case at the right of the entrance and passing on to the right 
around the hall, we find the groups arranged in the following sequence: 

The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is 
limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling from Panama 
Orizaba north to Greenland there are zones of bird-life corre- 
Group sponding to the zones of temperature. This condition 
is illustrated on the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling 
from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow-clad peak the naturalist 
finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in traveling north 
on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group, so far as the distribution 
of life is concerned, is an epitome of all the groups in the hall. 

Among our most beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the terns and 
gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so ceaselessly hunted 
Cobb’s Island and slaughtered for millinery purposes that now in their 
Group breeding-places there are only hundreds where formerly 
there were thousands. The group represents a section of an island off 
the Virginia coast where the birds are now protected by law. 

The duck hawk may be found,nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson 
almost within the limits of New York City. It builds nests on the ledges 
Duck Hawk of the towering cliffs. This hawk is a near relative of the 
Group falcon which was so much used for hunting in the Middle 
Ages. It often comes into the city for pigeons. 

In August and September the meadows and marshlands in the vicinity 
of Hackensack, New Jersey, are teeming with bird-life, but this is 
Hackensack rapidly disappearing before the march of ‘improve- 
Meadow ments.”’ In the group showing these Hackensack meadows 
Group are swallows preparing to migrate southward, bobolinks 
or “rice birds” in autumn plumage, red-winged blackbirds, rails, wood 
ducks and long-billed marsh wrens. 

The wild turkey is a native of America and was once abundant in 
the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is 
now very rare. It differs slightly in color from the Mexican bird, the an- 
Wild Turkey cestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was intro- 
Group duced from Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was 
brought by the colonists to America. (Reproduced from studies near 
Slaty Forks, West Virginia.) 


“SNAKE-BIRD” es) 


The great blue heron 
usually nests in trees. The 
Florida bird flies with 
Great Blue itsneck curved 
Heron Grouphack on its 
body and because of this 
habit can readily be distin- 
guished from the crane, with 
which it is frequently con- 
founded. (Reproduced from 
studies near St. Lucie, 
Florida.) 

In the ‘‘bonnets”’ or yel- 
low pond-lily swamps with 


Water Turkey Cypresses and 


or cabbage pal- 
‘“‘Snake-bird”’ mettoes, the 
Group shy water-tur- 


key builds its nest. It 
receives the name “turkey”’ 
from its turkey-hke tail, and 
the title ‘‘snake-bird”’ from 
its habit of swimming with 
only the long slender neck 
above water. (Reproduced 
from studies near St. Lucie, 
Florida.) 

The sandhill crane builds 
its nest of reed in the water. 
Sand-hill Unlike the 
Crane Group herons in this 
TegpeCt, tt differs also in As shown here, the birds carry their plumes 
its manner of flight, always only during the nesting season; killing the 
stretching its neck well parents means the slow starvation of the young. 
when on the wing. (Re- 
produced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.) 

Pelican Island, on the Indian River of Florida, has been made a 
reservation by the United States Government and these grotesque birds 
Brown Peli- now breed there in comparative safety, though at times 
canGroup disturbed by thoughtless tourists and twice suffering loss 
from storms and other natural causes. The view shows a section of the 
island at the height of the nesting season. Notwithstanding the hundreds 


A PORTION OF THE EGRET GROUP 


92 


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CALIFORNIA CONDOR 


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“Il 


of young birds that are clamoring for food, observation has shown that 
the parent bird ean pick out its own offspring with unfailing accuracy. 
(Reproduced from studies at Pelican Island, Florida.) 

This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of extinction in 
this country through the use of its “aigrette plumes” for millinery 
American purposes, and is now confined to a few protected rookeries 
Egret Group of the South. The birds have these plumes only during 
the nesting season, at which time the death of the parent means the 
starvation of the young. (Reproduced from studies in a rookery of 
South Carolina.) 

The turkey vulture, or ‘“‘buzzard,” is one of the best-known birds of 
the South, where it performs a valuable service in acting as the scavenger 


Turkey of the streets. On this account it is protected by law and 
Vulture by publie sentiment and has become both abundant and 
Group tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in 


the Potomac River, near Washington.) 

The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North 
American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the Andes, but has 
California a Slightly greater spread of wing, eight and one-half to 
Condor eleven feet. In the group the visitor is supposed to be 
Group standing in the interior of the cave, where the bird has its 
nest, and is looking down on the river of the cafion, which is more than 
five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cafion, 
California.) 

The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is 
painted in the background. The young birds are feeding, and it will 


Brandt’s be noticed that one fledgling is reaching well down the 
Cormorant mother’s throat after the predigested food. (Reproduced 
Group from studies at Monterey, California.) 


Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird 
San Joaquin fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and 
Valley Group aquatic bird-life abounds. This group is a good illustra- 
tion of the influence of man on the bird-life of a region. 

There were estimated to be two thousands nests in this colony but of 
late years its numbers have been greatly reduced by taking the young for 
Flamingo food. The flamingoes construct their nests by scooping 
Group up mud with their bills and packing 1t down by means of 
bills and feet. The nests are raised to a height of twelve or fourteen 
inches; this protects eggs and young from disasters due to high water. 
Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born covered with down 
like a young duck and is fed by the mother on predigested food. The 
briliant plumage of the adult is not acquired until the fifth or sixth 
molt. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) 


78 GOLDEN EAGLE 


In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which three thousand 
Booby and _ boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds were nesting, 
Man-of-War the former on the ground, the latter in the sea grape 
Bird Group bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) 

The abundance of bird-life in one of these rookeries is quite astound 
ing. In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets, American 


Florida egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons, ibises, cormo- 
Rookery rants and water-turkeys. Because of the great inac- 
Group cessibility of this island it has been one of the last places 


to feel the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from studies 
in the Everglades of Florida. ) 

The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds. In 
North America it is now most common in the region from the Rockies 
Golden Eagle to the Pacific Coast, although it is found as far east as 
Group Maine. Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the 
eagle never attacks man, even though the nest is approached. 

Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and occasionally 
sheep. (Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.) 

These two groups have recently been added, though provision was 
Whistling made for them in the original plan for this gallery. The 


Swan and whooping crane is so nearly exterminated that not only 
Whooping ~— was it impossible to obtain a nest and young, but it 
EEE was necessary to use old birds taken many years ago. 


The abundance of bird-life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta, 
which is seen in the center of the background, is astonishing. Here is 
Klamath an example of how the normal nesting habits of a bird 
Lake Group may be changed by its being driven into a different locality. 
It is sad to record that the breeding ground shown here, with its wonder- 
ful bird-life, has been destroyed by ill-advised drainage. In the group are 
white pelicans which usually make a nest of pebbles, Caspian terns, which 
commonly build their nests on sand, and cormorants that nest on rocks, 
all nesting together here on the tule or rush islets of the lake. (Repro- 
duced from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.) 

The scene represented in this group is above timber-line on the crest 
of the Canadian Rockies, 8,000 feet above the sea. Although these 
Arctic-Alpine Mountains are in the temperate region, the altitude 
Bird-Life gives climatic conditions that would be found in the Far 
Group North, and the bird-life is arctic in character. Here are 
nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow finches and _pipits. 
(Reproduced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.) 

Sage Grouse This group shows a stretch of western plateau covered 
Group with sage brush. In this brush is seen the male sage 
grouse strutting and wooing a mate. (Reproduced from studies at 


PRAIRIE CHICKEN 79 


Medicine Bow, Wyoming.) 
The prairie chickens are 
akin to the common grouse. 


Prairie The group repre- 
Chicken sents a typical 
Group scene during the 


mating season. The male 
birds go through most surpris- 
ing antics in their efforts to 
attract the females. They in- 
flate the orange-colored sacs 
on the sides of them necks, 
dancing and strutting about 
and uttering a loud, resonant, 
booming note. (Reproduced 
from studies near Halsey, 
Nebraska. ) 

The wild goose is one of the 


“ee a gd 


first birds to migrate north in Love-making of the prairie chicken. In 
: this position and with orange-like air sacs 


ing. _hests among. 
the spring. It 8 inflated, he produces a booming sound which 
the lakes of Canada even may carry a distance of two miles. 


before the ice is melted. To 

Wild Goose secure the young birds for this group it was necessary to 
Group hatch the eggs of the wild goose under a hen, so difficult 
is it to find the young in nature. (Reproduced from studies made at 
Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) 

The grebes are aquatic birds which build their nests in the water. 
During the incubation period the parent bird usually covers the eggs 
with grass and reeds when leaving the nest. Nesting at 
the same lake with the grebes was the redhead, a duck 
which lays from fifteen to twenty eggs. (Reproduced from studies made 
at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) 

The loon is justly famed for its skill as a diver, and can swim with 
great speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar sound on the 
northern New England lakes. Many loons pass the 
winter at sea fifty miles or more from land. (Reproduced 
from studies at Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire.) 

This rocky island thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in considerable 
Bird Rock numbers on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a mere 
Group shadow of what it was even fifty years ago. Seven 
species are shown nesting in the group—the razor-billed auk, Leach’s 


Grebe Group 


Loon Group 


80 PUBLIC HEALTH 


petrel gannet, puffin, kittiwake gull, common murre and Brunnich’s 
murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird Rock, Gulf of St, Lawrence.) 
This was the Museum’s first large group, though not completed as 
originally planned. 

Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys. 


West CoRRIDOR 
PUBLIC HEALTH 


Returning to the South Pavilion where the monkeys are, and passing 
to the right, we enter the West Corridor containing the exhibits of the 
Department of Public Health. 

The Hall of Public Health is dominated by a bronze bust of Louis 
Pasteur, the founder of scientific bacteriology and preventive medicine, 
which was presented to the Museum through the courtesy of the Pasteur 
Institute of Paris. Near the head of the stairway is a reading table 
where pamphlets bearing on insect-borne disease and other public- 
health problems may be consulted. 

The first section of the exhibit deals with the natural history of water 
supply as it affects the life and health of man. The large frieze at the 
entrance to the corridor on the left illustrates the primary 
source of water supply, the sea, which by way of the clouds 
supplies the secondary sources, rivers and lakes. Diagrams, models and a 
relief map show the variations in rainfall at different points in the United 
States. Relief maps of the region about Clinton, Massachusetts, before 
and after the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the water 
supply of Boston, show the way in which surface water supplies are 
collected by impounding streams, and, further on, a model of a well 
sunk through impervious clay or rock down to water-bearing strata shows 
how ground-water supplies are obtained. Samples and models illustrate 
the variations in composition which occur in natural waters, from the 
swamps of Virginia to the deep wells of Iowa and.the turbid rivers 
of the Ohio Valley. 

Some of the principal micro-organisms, Algze and Protozoa, which 
grow in reservoirs and impart tastes and odors to water, are represented 
by a series of glass models. The effect produced by the pollution of 
water by disease germs is illustrated by relief maps and diagrams show- 
ing the course of famous typhoid and cholera epidemics. Models are 
displayed which illustrate the purification of water by storage, filtra- 
tion and disinfection, the filter models being elaborate representations 
of the plants at Little Falls, N. J.,.and Albany, N. Y. Diagrams indicate 
the results of water purification as measured in the saving of human life. 


Water Suppl 


BACTERIA SI 


Finally a series of relief maps shows the growth and development of the 
water supply of New York City, the location of the reservoirs and the 
course of the new Catskill aqueduct. 

Following the water-supply exhibit is a series of models illustrating 
the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes of the city 
Disposal of | and how they may be avoided. Actual points of danger 
City Wastes jin the neighborhood of New York are shown where 
polluted harbor waters, bathing-places, and shellfish beds constitute a 
menace to health. Modern methods for the treatment of sewage on 
scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens, sedimenta- 
tion tanks, and filter beds of various types. 

The cases near the window are devoted to the group of Bacteria, espe- 
cially in their relation to human life. Glass models show the various 
shapes and relative sizes of these minute forms, and in 
particular of the principal types which cause disease. Ina 
near-by case are displayed actual colonies of a number of species of 
bacteria, including some which produce disease and others which are 
beneficial to man by their effect upon soil fertility or from the fact that 
they may be utilized in the production of substances useful as foods or in 
the arts. A group of transparencies at this window shows some of the 
more important disease bacteria as they appear under the microscope. 

Another series of exhibits deals with the transmission of disease 
by insects, notably by the fly and flea and by the mosquito. The 
Insects most striking features are greatly enlarged models of the 
and Disease fly, the flea, the louse and the yellow-fever mosquito. 
Each of these, the finest models of the kind ever made, required a year 
or more of constant, exacting labor. 

The egg, larva and pupa of the fly and the eggs of the louse are also 
shown. 

Following the water-supply exhibit on the east side of the hall, the 
relation of the flea and the rat to the terrible disease bubonic plague is 


Bacteria 


The Flea illustrated in considerable detail. Wall charts picture the 
and Bubonic spread of the great historic epidemics of this disease, and 
Plague reproductions of sixteenth and seventeenth century 


drawings show with what terror the Black Death was regarded in 
prescientifie days. 

Specimens of some of the principal animals which harbor the plague- 
germ and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man 
(the black, brown and roof rats, the wood rat and the California ground 
squirrel) are shown, and the manner in which the disease is disseminated 
is illustrated by a copy of a corner of a rat-infested house in California. 
The original from which this was copied, as well as many of the rats 


82 MALARIA 


and squirrels, were obtained through the courtesy of the U. 8. Public 
Health Service of Washington. A habitat group shows a. typical 
family of ground squirrels on a rocky hillside in central California, 
during the breeding season in May. Preventive measures used against 
the plague are illustrated by models of a farm with buildings rat-proofed, 
of a rat-killing squad, equipped for work in San Francisco, of a ship at 
dock with rat-guards to prevent the access of rats to the shore, and by 
specimens of various types of rat traps. 


THESECEA 


One of the enlarged models made by the late Ignaz Matausch from his original 
studies and now shown in a case devoted to Insect Carriers of Disease, in the Hall 
of Public Health. 


In a window case are shown various stages of the common mosquito, 
Culex, as well as of Anopheles, the carrier of malaria, and Aédes, which 
is responsible for the spread of yellow fever. In the same case are 
specimens of other insect carriers, such as the flea, the bedbug and the louse. 

A wall case devoted to the natural history of the mosquito illustrates 
the world distribution and seasonal prevalence of malaria and yellow 
Malaria and fever in relation to the habits of their mosquito hosts, the 
Yellow Fever breeding-places of mosquitoes, the life history (shown by 
specimens) and the money cost of malaria to the United States. Here 
are also shown some of the practical methods of control by ditching, 
oiling, stocking with fish, and encouraging enemies such as the bat, 
bite cures, and repellents and finally the practical results in the reduction 
of malaria which have been obtained in Italy. 

A second mosquito case contains a series of small-scale models, 
attractively worked out by Otto Block, illustrating some of the methods 


SLEEPING SICKNESS 83 


and results of tropical sanitation as applied particularly to yellow fever. 
Control of . A hospital at Panama is shown as it was during the French 
Mosquito- régime, with mosquito-breeding pools all about and with 
borne Disease the legs of the beds and the flower pots set in dishes of 
water to keep off the ants. In contrast there is illustrated a modern 
hospital with all stagnant water removed, and wards screened and venti- 
lated. Other models show the sanitary squads on the Isthmus which 
fought the yellow-fever mosquito in the town by fumigation, and the 
malaria mosquito in the country by ditching and oiling. The same case 
contains oil paintings of the completed canal and of the camp near 
Havana where the secret of the transmission of yellow fever was dis- 
covered and the foundations of tropical sanitation laid in 1900. Photo- 
graphs of the four American Army Officers, Reed, Carroll, Lazear and 
Agramonte, to whose researches this advance is due, are hung upon the 
wall near by. 

Near the entrance to the hall a relief map of the State of Arkansas 
illustrates the coincidence between low swampy lands and the prevalence 
Mosquitoes of malaria, and another shows the heavy incidence of 
and Malaria malariain the vicinity of marshlands near Boston. A small 
relief map indicates the type and arrangement of drains used for lowering 
the water level and eliminating mosquito-bearing pools, and diagrams 
illustrate the progress made in mosquito control in New Jersey and the 
financial return which has resulted. 

An adjoining case is devoted to certain insect carriers of disease of 
special importance in tropical and semi-tropical countries. Scenes 
Typhus and _ during the Serbian epidemic of typhus fever are illustrated 
Sleeping by photographs and models with the disinfecting train 
Sickness used by the American Mission in the destruction of the 
lice which are responsible for the spread of this disease. Below are 
shown specimens of the Glossinas which transmit sleeping sickness and 
the nagana disease in Africa and of the ticks which spread Texas fever 
of cattle and relapsing fever, African tick fever and Rocky Mountain 
spotted fever of man. Photographs and models illustrate the ravages 
wrought by this disease and the methods used for the control of sleeping 
sickness in Africa by the cutting of the brush along the banks of swamps 
where the Glossinas breed, by the destruction of infected villages and the 
isolation of infected persons in concentration camps. 

Models in the next wall case deal with the life history of the fly, show- 
ing its various stages in their natural size and actual habitat, and illus- 
trate the large numbers of flies which may breed in a single pound of 
manure and the enormous progeny which may spring from a single pair 
and their descendants during the breeding season. 


84 


ae) 


THE HOUSE OR TYPHOID FLY 
Enlarged model by Ignaz Matausch. 


MILITARY HYGIENE 85 


The deadly work of the fly in carrying typhoid fever is illustrated by 
graphic presentations of typhoid statistics of the Spanish-American 
War and of the relation between flies and ‘‘summer disease”’ of children, 
as worked out by the Association for Improving the Condition of the 
Poor in New York City. 

Near by are two models showing unsanitary and sanitary conditions 
onasmall farm. In one, pools of stagnant water and uncovered manure 
heaps and general uncleanliness favor the breeding of mosquitoes and 
flies, while the open doors and windows give these insects free access to 
the house. In the other, the swampy land is drained and cultivated, the 
windows screened, the shallow-dug well replaced by a driven well; the 
conditions are sanitary, and health and prosperity replace sickness and 
poverty. 

Various types of traps for larvee and adult flies are shown with models 
illustrating how fly-breeding may be prevented, how human wastes may 
be protected from their access, and how manure may be cared for so 
as not to be a medium for breeding flies. 

The next wall case shows a group of the natural enemies of the fly: 
the cock, phebe, swift, the bat, spiders and centipeds, in characteristic 
surroundings as they may be seen in the corner of a New York State 
farm on a late August afternoon. Adjoining this case is a series of re- 
markable colored drawings of fifteen of the principal species of flies 
found in eastern North America. 

One wall case is devoted to the subject of military hygiene, which 
has become of such immediate moment and was, on the whole, so 
Military successfully solved during the Great War. Diagrams 
Hygiene illustrate the relative deadliness of disease germs and 
bullets in earlier wars; and their lesson is reinforced by a representation 
of the relative importance of injuries received in action and of the 
results of typhoid fever during the Spanish War. One company, con- 
fronted by a cannon, suffers the loss of one man wounded, while the 
other, facing a tube of typhoid germs, has one dead and thirteen in the 
hospital. Other models show how camp wastes are disposed of, and how 
water supply is sterilized, and still others, how the soldier’s tent is 
protected against mosquitoes and how a field hospital is equipped. The 
field ration of the soldier and the preparation of anti-typhoid vaccine 
are illustrated by specimens and models. 

Two tree trunks, one normal and the other infested with fungi as a 
Vital result of mechanical injury, illustrate the important fact 
Resistance that the normal plant or animal is able to resist disease, 
and Disease while anything which tends to lower vital resistance may 
open the way for the invasion of pathogenic germs. 


86 AUDUBONIANA 


A noteworthy collection of objects relating to the life and work of 
John J. Audubon occupies the stairway hall. It includes original 
. sketches and paintings by Audubon and his sons, some of 

the copper plates of ‘‘Birds of North America,’’ illus- 
trations in various stages from ‘‘ The Quadrupeds of North America,”’ 
and a portrait of Robert Havell, the engraver and publisher of the 
first edition of the ‘‘Birds.’”’? Of more personal interest is the gun car- 
ried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and the buckskin suit 
he wore. These objects were mainly presented by his granddaughters, 
Maria R. and Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of 
pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audubon, and other gifts 
have been received from Doctor Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anna HE. 
Roelker and Robert Havell Lockwood. 


Audubonian 


THE YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO 


THE PERUVIANS S7 


SOUTHWEST WING 


INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA 


Passing through the west corridor, where the exhibit of the Depart- 
ment of Public Health is installed, and on into the adjoining hall to the 
west, we find the collections from South America. Just in front of the 
entrance is a case of striking ornaments of gold, fabled to have formed 
part of the treasure being assembled for the ransom of Atahualpa, but 


TREPHINED. SKULLS FROM PREHISTORIC PERUVIAN GRAVES 


really made by a more northern race, the Chimus, and buried—we know 
not why. Other objects of gold or silver illustrate the skill of the ancient 
Peruvians in working these metals. The greater part of the hall is 
Indians of filled with archeological material illustrating the various 
South forms of culture existing in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, 
America Bolivia and Chile, in prehistoric times. The remains 
found in Peru, in parts of Central America and in Mexico, show a degree 
of culture far in advance of that attained in any other part of this con- 
tinent in prehistoric times. Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico and 
Central America the Peruvians had no written language. They were 
tillers of the soil and raised maize, potatoes, oca, quinua, beans, coca 
and cotton. They had domesticated the llama, which was used as beast 


Sd THE PERUVIANS 


of burden. They excelled in the manufacture and decoration of pottery 
vessels, in metal! work, and in textile fabrics. In the cases directly in 
Gold and front of the entrance the gold and silver objects such 
Silver as beads, cups, pins and ear ornaments, show the high 
degree of skill attained in the beating, soldering and casting of metals. 
In weaving they were perhaps preéminent among prehistoric peoples, 
many of their specimens exhibited here being unsurpassed 
at the present day. The materials used were cotton and 
the wool of the llama, alpaca and vicufia. In the first cases on the right 
are examples of these textiles with looms and shuttles. [Guide Leaflet 


Textiles 


3 re ee 
— Pe ae ers ee en Hd Skt) oo * 
é aa < . 


PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH PERUVIAN MUMMIES 


The prehistoric Peruvians were familiar with modern weaves, including the finest 
gobelins, and produced highly decorative effects by harmonized colors and a repetition 
of woven-in designs. The Museum’s collection of mummy cloths is one of the largest 
in the world, and is much used by teachers and students of art. 


THE PERUVIANS SY 


No. 46, Peruvian Art, deals with the meaning of the figures shown in 
textiles and pottery.| 

The alcove cases are geographically arranged, showing exhibits from 
the north toward the south of South America, then up into the interior of 
the continent. In the wall cases extending across the entire western end 


= 
“* 
3 
se 
ran 
J 
= 
= 
= 
.= 
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Za ONT 


é~. 
a, SAARANNCALY 


PERUVIAN MUMMY BUNDLES AND MUMMY 


The ancient Peruvians wrapped their dead in fabries of fine cotton and wool, then 
covering with a sack of strong cloth. The mummy “bundle” thus produced was often 
= ° ec 9) = > + 
given a “‘false head”’ of cloth filled with cotton or vegetable fibre. No attempt was 
made to preserve the bodies but climatic conditions in Peru have preserved these 
mummies and their wrappings during many centuries. 


of the hall will be found a remarkable collection from Nazca, Peru. The 
prehistoric people of Nazca excelled as colorists, particularly in the 
decoration of their pottery vessels, which are certainly the most beautiful 
so far discovered in South America. 

On the south side of the hall is shown a collection from Iea, Peru. 
In this exhibit are some rare and beautiful shawl-like garments of these 
prehistoric peoples, in a good state of preservation. 


90 CHILEAN MUMMY 


The special exhibits in the gallery rail cases include quipus used to 
keep accounts, charms and medicines, coca which was chewed with lime, 
and shells that were found in mummy bundles and in the graves. A 
number of the chicha jars are on exhibition on top of the cases. 

In the first case to the left (south side) is a collection of skulls showing 
Trephined many examples of trephining, artificial deformation, and 
Skulls pathological conditions, together with a number of normal 
Peruvian skulls for comparison. 

The wall case at the left of the entrance contains mummy bundles and 
various objects showing the burial customs of the Peruvians. In no part 
Mummy of America are found so many and so extensive burial 
Bundles places as in the coast region of Peru. Here were interred 
countless thousands of the ancient dead. In the huacas or graves, with 
the bodies, were placed such articles as had been most useful and highly 
prized during life, and such as it was considered would be most serviceable 
in a future life. 

To this custom we are indebted for no small part of our knowledge of 
the daily life of the ancient Peruvians. From the mummy bundles and 
graves all the objects in the extensive collections in this hall, illustrating 
their civilization, have been obtained. The wonderful state of preserva- 
tion shown in the textile fabrics and other perishable materials from the 
coast regions is due to the extreme dryness of the climate and the nitrous 
character of the soil.. 

The mummy in the case at the west end of the room was found in a 
copper mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of an Indian 
Chilean miner who was killed by the falling in of rocks and earth 
Mummy while engaged in getting out the copper ore (atacamite) 
used by the Indians in making implements and ornaments in prehistoric 
times. The tissues of the body have been preserved by copper salts 
with which it is impregnated. The implements he was using at the time 
of his death are shown beside him in the case. ; 

On the south side of the hall are the ethnological collections from 

Brazil, British Guiana, Paraguay and Colombia. War implements, 
basketry, featherwork, musical instruments, etc., are arranged in these 
cases. ) 
The archeological collections from the West India Islands have been 
temporarily placed in this hall, and will be found on the south side. 
The largest and most interesting of these collections 1s 
from Porto Rico. It contains many of the “‘stone collars”’ 
concerning the use of which so many ingenious theories have been 
published and nothing actually known. — 


West Indies 


ANCIENT BRONZES 9] 


SOUTHWEST PAVILION 
CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS 


If we pass on into the hall at the extreme west end of the building, we 
find collections from eastern and northern Asia. The arrangement is 
Collections geographical. Specimens illustrating the culture, indus- 
from Asia tries, religion and manufactures of China are on the 
left; others showing the mode of living, the costumes, and the war im- 
plements of Siberia, are on the right. 


ANCIENT CHINESE BRONZES 


Rr he furwork, costumes and rugs of the people of eastern Siberia reveal 
remarkable skill in workmanship. Two models show respectively sum- 
mer and winter scenes in Siberia. In the rear are collections from the 
Ainu and the Amoor River tribes noted for decorated fabrics and pictur- 
esque costumes. Swinging frames contain a large series of fabric designs. 

The collections on the left side of the hall deal mainly with the every- 
day life of the modern Chinese and have a special value, as they were 
made just before the sweeping changes of the last few years took place. 
These abolished many of the customs in which these objects were used; 
for example, the series of weapons and objects showing the tests to which 
a soldier was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete 
by the introduction of modern weapons and tactics. Bamboo, porcelain, 
basketry, inlaid work, cloisonné enamel, agricultural implements, carv- 


92 SHELLS 


ings in wood, ivory and stone, and embroidery, are shown to advantage. 

A special collection of great value is found in the ancient bronzes 
shown in the wall cases near the entrance, and in one of the alcoves on 
the west side is a series of objects from Tibet, illustrative of the cos- 
tumes and religious rites of that little-known region. 


West WING 
SHELLS 


The collection of shells installed in the West Wing contains altogether 
about 100,000 specimens representative of nearly 15,000 species. These 
show extraordinary range of color and ornamentation. The arrange- 
ment of the collection is as follows: first, in the south wall cases a series 
showing briefly the classification of mollusks; second, in the eight table 
cases at the north and south ends of the hall the collections of land shells; 
third, in the upright railing cases the bivalves or mollusks which have 
two shells like the common clam; fourth, in the metallic cases the 
univalves, mollusks which have only one valve or shell like the snails; 
fifth, special exhibits of shells in the north wall cases. Other cases con- 
tain exhibits illustrating the anatomy and habits of mollusks; colored 
transparencies show them in their habitats. A series of colored photo- 
graphs (north end rail cases) illustrates stages in the pearl-button indus- 
try of the United States. 

Facing the entrance is a huge shell of the giant clam, Tridacna, 
measuring 43 by 27 inches and weighing 579 pounds, one of the largest 
examples on record. 

Short descriptive group labels will be found in the cases, and on the 
walls, pictures labels of important families of shells, together with small 
Maps of Distribution defining the occurrence of the same throughout the 
world. 

An interesting collection of deformed shells is seen in the north case, 
and a series illustrating the ornamental uses of shells. Cases of especial 
beauty in their shell contents are those holding Murex, Fusus, Volute, 
Conus, Oliva, Strombus, Cyprea, Trixia. 

Return to the South Pavilion, containing the apes and monkeys. 


DECORATION FROM THE SHELL HALL 


MODEL OF WHALE 93 


SOUTHEAST WING 
MAMMALS OF THE WORLD 


Continuing east from the hall where the apes and monkeys are, we 
pass the elevators to enter the hall of the Southeast Wing, devoted mainly 
to a series of exhibits illustrating the characters of mammals, their 
principal groups, or orders, the main subdivisions of these, known as 
families, and various interesting peculiarities of habits and structure. 
Each family is, so far as possible, represented by a mounted specimen 
and a skeleton. Walking around the room from left to right one passes 
from the egg-laying Platypus to man, represented by the figure of an 
Australian native, armed with the characteristic boomerang. Inciden- 
tally one sees among other things the modifications of form and structure 
for various modes of locomotion, notices the superiority in brain of 
mammals over other vertebrates, learns that animals that outwardly 
look alike may be very distantly related, sees illustrations of albinism 
and melanism, and is shown how the coat of the hare changes from brown 
to white. 

Small cases contain rare or interesting mammals. 

Of special note are the skeleton of Jumbo, the largest elephant ever 
brought to this country, and the skull of the largest elephant shot by a 
woman. The latter was killed near Mt. Kenia by Mrs. Akeley and has 
tusks weighing respectively 112 and 115 pounds. 

Above the cases is a frieze representing marine scenes, which serves 
as a background for groups of porpoises, dolphins and other small mem- 
bers of the whale family. The most striking object in the hall is the 
life-size model of a sulphur-bottom whale, seventy-nine feet in length. 


Modaliot The original of this specimen was captured in New- 
Sulphur- foundland, and the model is accurately reproduced from 
bottom careful measurements. This huge creature is not only 
Dele the largest of living animals, but, so far as we know, 


the largest animal that has ever lived; a specimen of this size weighs 
from sixty to seventy tons, twice as much as Brontosaurus. Although 
whales and porpoises live in the water, they are not fishes, but are warm- 
blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills. The whale must come 
to the surface to breathe and the so-called “spouting”’ is merely the 
result of the warm air being expelled from the lungs when he breathes. 
A whale does not spout water, asiscommonly supposed. Models to scale 
of the other whalebone whales, and the toothed sperm whale, and repro- 
ductions of smaller whales and porpoises are hung near for comparison, 
among them one of the fierce Killer, the worst enemy of the larger whales, 
and the Pigmy Sperm Whale or Kogia. 


16 


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ATVHM YATIIA AHL 


INSECT LIFE 95 
The additions to the Museum building now in course of construction 
include a large hall to contain whales and other marine animals. 

In the railing cases are exhibits which aim to give the visitor a general 
view of the enormous class of insects. This series is, at present, being 
extended and improved. When finished, it will include representatives 
of all the principal families, exotic as well as native. A special exhibit of 
the common butterflies near New York City, another of the ‘ Moths of 
the Limberlost”’ and another of spider webs have been installed. There 
is also one showing butterflies found in North Temperate America. 
Species from the eastern United States are arranged with extracts from 
Dr. Lutz’s ‘‘ Field Book of Insects”’ as labels, and a collection of insects 
from a suburban yard shows how many species may be literally taken at 
our doors. Exotic insects will be added later. There are nearly half a 
million species of insects in the world so that, even when finished, this 
series can contain only a small part of the total. Furthermore, many of 
the species would fade rapidly if exposed to the light. The general study 
collection of insects is on the fifth floor, and while it is not on exhibition, 
the curators will be glad to show it to visitors who can make use of it. 
See the Southeast Pavilion for the study collection of local insects. 


SouTHEAST PAvILION — 
HALL OF INSECT LIFE 


Proceeding east, we enter the Insect Hall. The installations in this 
hall point out the relationships, through origin and mode of life, of insects 
to each other and to the other members of the Animal Kingdom, espe- 
cially to man. The exhibits are arranged in a continuous 
series, and are numbered so that we can easily follow the 
plan beginning at the pillar farthest to the left and making two complete 
circuits of the hall. 

First is an introductory section illustrating by diagrams the impor- 
tance of insects as shown (a) by the large number of species compared 
Importance with other animals [there are more species of insects 
of Insects = than of all other animals put together] and (b) by their 
great influence on human interests. In the United States the economic 
loss by insects is more than five times as great as by fire, and there 
are more than twelve times as many deaths from insect-borne diseases 
as from railroad accidents. On the other hand, many of our crops and 
all beautiful flowers are largely dependent upon pollination by insects. 

Following this are a number of sections illustrating the anatomy of 
Classification insects, explaining the terms used in the classification 
of Insects of insects, and exhibiting typical examples of the principal 
families. 


Insect Life 


THE BUTTERFLY GROUP 


tterfly 


—migrating; the group contains over 1200 Specimens. 


Monarch But 


Che 


r 


INSECTS 97 


After a number of sections devoted to general phases of entomology, 
such as the relationships of insects to each other and to other inverte- 
General brates, the color of insects, the four stages of an insect’s 
Information life history, and the seasonal activity of insects, a series 
of exhibits is given which shows the principal insects of special situations 
and plants. Under the former heading we note aquatic insects and 
those associated with decaying material. 

The exhibits concerned with insects associated with special plants 
lay emphasis upon those of economic importance and are followed by a 
study of household insects, insects and disease, and insecticides. It is 
shown that man’s efforts to combat noxious insects are supplemented by 
the activities of lower mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and of insects 
themselves. 

Although certain insects destroy plants, some plants destroy insects. 
These and other eco- 
logical interrelations of 
insects and plants, in- 
cluding pollination, are 
shown on the east side 
of the hall. 

Among insects are 
found carpenters, ma- 
Occupations SONS, Weav- 
of Insects ers, paper- 
makers, and other sorts 
of laborers. The mak- 
ing of silk is one of the 
principal insect activi- 
ties, and several sec- 
tions are devoted to 
silk, looking at it from 
both the entomological 
and the human view- 
points. 

Following this, such 
subjects as art, the 
Bible and other litera- 
ture, medicine and superstition in their relation to entomology are 
treated. Photographs and short biographies of prominent entomologists 
of the past are given. 

Evolution is a large subject, but the principal points involved in the 
present-day theories are illustrated in a series of sections treating 


PART OF THE CICADA GROUP 


9S EVOLUTION OF INSECTS 


such problems as mimicry, protective coloration, adaptation, variation, 
Evolution of mutation, geographic distribution, selection, and inheri- 
Insects tance (Mendelism). 

The north side of the hall is devoted to social insects and their relatives. 
Here are found several groups showing the activities of these interesting 
creatures. 

The final series includes a variety of things, being answers to the 
questions most frequently asked the curator by the general public. 

Visitors desirous of studying the local insects more in detail are 
cordially invited to do so by consulting the nearly complete collection to 
Local be found in this hall under the custody of the New York 
Collection Entomological Society. It is primarily intended to be an 
ald in identification of specimens and is not a part of the general exhibi- 
tion series. 


Return to the elevators and ascend to the Fourth Floor. 


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FoturtTH FLoor 


FOREWORD OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 


In the East Corridor, and the South Pavilion at the left, as well as in 
the East Wing and Southeast Pavilion at the right, are displayed the fossil 
mammals, reptiles and fishes. 

In a general way, fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals 
that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. Sometimes, as with 
the bones of the great Irish elk, the objects have been buried in swamps or 
bogs, and in a few rare instances, as with the mammoth and woolly 
rhinoceros, entire animals have been preserved for thousands of years 
in ice or frozen mud. Fossils are found in localities where the dead 
animals or plants have gradually been buried under layers of sediment 
to such a depth and for so long a time that they finally became petrified. 
Later, through upheaval and erosion, they are again brought to or near 
the surface of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow replacement of animal 
or vegetable material by such minerals as carbonate of lime or silica, 
which are carried in solution by the underground waters. The process is 
very slow and for this reason flesh is never petrified. Fossil beds are found 
in every continent. In our own country, Texas, Montana, Wyoming 
and the Bad Lands of South Dakota are famous for their large fossil 
beds, and many of the finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were 
obtained in these localities. 

As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to 
accumulate over the bones, and for the latter to become petrified, the 
study of fossils and the strata in which they are found is an important 
aid in determining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. 
The skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from 
30,000 to 20,000,000 years ago. To prepare a specimen for exhibition 


99° 


v 


100 FOSSIL SEA REPTILES 


the matrix in which the bones are imbedded is carefully chipped away 
and the missing parts restored in cement and plaster. The bones are 
then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition the restored 
parts differ in color from the original parts of the skeleton and can 
readily be distinguished. 

As a whole, the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates are believed 
to be the finest in the world, if we take into consideration not merely 
numbers, but also variety, quality and perfected methods of preparation 
and exhibition. 


East CORRIDOR 


FOSSIL SEA REPTILES 


The most noteworthy object here is the skeleton of the flying reptile 
Pteranodon, having a spread of wing of twenty feet, the greatest flying 
creature. Above is a great fish, Portheus, with teethlike spikes, and 
below the sea reptile Tylosaurus: all these lived in or about the sea 
that covered Kansas and adjoining territory in the Cretaceous period. 
Opposite are several Ichthyosaurs, sea reptiles from the ancient seas of 
western Kurope 


SoutTH PAVILION 
HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN 


The South Pavilionis devoted to early man and his contemporaries, the 
mammoths and mastodons and the giant ground sloths of South America. 
Down the center of the hall is the collection illustrating what is known 
of the early history of our own race as shown by the remains of early 
man and the implements used by him. As fossil remains 
of man are rare and usually very fragmentary, these are 
represented mainly by casts, but they include examples of all the more 
perfect and more noteworthy specimens that have been found, from 
the Neanderthal and Gibraltar, to the Piltdown and Talgai. [See Leaflet 
No. 52, The Hall of the Age of Man.] 

On the left is a group illustrating the famous asphalt trap of Rancho 
la Brea and fossils from South America, the most striking of which is the 


Early Man 


Fareti group of giant ground sloths. There are also good examples 

Mammals of of the Glyptodon, a gigantic relative of the armadillo, of 

aouer the camel-like Macrauchenia, the rhinoceros-like Toxodon, 
merica 


and other strange extinct animals which evolved in South 
America during the Age of Mammals, when it was an island continent 


WARREN MASTODON 10] 


as Australia is to-day. Here, too, is the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the 
host of northern animals that invaded the southern continent upon its 
union with the northern world, and swept before them to extinction most 
of its ancient inhabitants. 

The principal exhibits on the north side of the hall are the mammoths 
and mastodons and the series of skulls showing the evolution of the 
elephant. The first skeleton is the Long Jawed Mastodon of the Pliocene, 
a predecessor of the true Mastodon in North America. The ‘‘ Warren 
Mastodon” is a classic specimen. It was found near Newburgh, N. Y., 
Warren in 1846, and is the finest specimen of its kind that has ever 
Mastodon been discovered. Next to it is a fine skeleton of the 
mammoth; portions of skin, hair and other fragments of a mammoth 
carcass discovered in Alaska are also shown. While modern elephants are 
confined to portions of Asia and Africa, fossil remains of elephants and 
mastodons show that, at one time or another in the past, they were 
found over the greater part of the northern hemisphere. 

[See Handbook No. 4, Animals of the Past, and Guide Leaflet No. 48, 
Mammoths and Mastodons.]| 

Around the walls is a series of paintings by Charles R. Knight, 
portraying some of the more striking animals that were contemporary 
with early man in Europe and America, and whose skeletons are shown 
below. Here are the Great Ground Sloths, the Woolly Rhinoceros, the 
Mammoth and Mastodon and the strange moose-like Cervalces. 


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EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE 103 


SOUTHEAST WING 


HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS 
FOSSIL MAMMALS OF THE TERTIARY PERIOD 


The particular feature of this hall is the wonderful series in the cases 
by the entrance and in the first alcove on the right showing the evolution 


Evolution of the horse in nature. The Museum is justly proud of this 
of the collection. Not only is it the largest and finest series of 
Horse fossil horse skeletons in the world, but it is larger than the 


combined collections of all other institutions, and it contains the earliest 
known ancestors of the horse, the little four-toed Hohippus, which was 
no bigger than a fox and on four toes scampered over Tertiary rocks. As 
may be seen by an examination of the skeletons of the horse and man in 
another hall the modern horse walks on the tip of his middle finger and 
toe. The front hoof bone corresponds to the last joint of the third finger 
in the human hand, and the other bones of the leg correspond bone for 
bone with the structure of the finger, wrist and arm of man. In the 
modern horse the remaining fingers or toes of the fore and hind foot have 
entirely disappeared, or remain only as vestiges, the so-called “‘splint 
bones.”? The structure of the modern horse shows that it developed 
from a five-toed ancestor. This ancestry has been tracked back to the 
four-toed stage. [See Guide Leaflet No. 36, The Evolution of the Horse. | 

In the wall case at the right of the entrance is given a synopsis of the 
evolution of the foot and skull of the horse and the geological age in which 
each stage is found. Across the alcove the visitor will find skeletons 
of Hohippus, the four-toed stage of the horse and the earliest form that 
has been discovered. These are specimens from the Wasatch and Wind 
River beds of Wyoming and may have lived 3,000,000 years ago. It is 
interesting to note that while there were no horses found in this country 
by the white settlers, America is the original home of the horse. 

Passing from skeleton to skeleton the changes that have taken place 
in the development of the horse are easily distinguished. The exhibit 
is made more lifelike by plaster restorations of the animals and by water- 
color sketches showing primitive horses in their environment. These 
paintings and models are by Charles R. Knight. In the later types of 
the three-toed stage the two lateral toes have lost their original function 
of support and are gradually becoming vestiges. The three-toed horse in 
the center of the alcove is one of the most complete and finest examples 
ever unearthed. 

Opposite the horse exhibit on the other side of the hall are series of 
specimens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer and other cloven- 


EVOLUTION 
OF THE HORSE 


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series of RUCCHRRIR StogeEs, repre- 
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EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE 


One of the panels showing the evolution of feet and skull. 
104 


CAMELS 105 


hoofed animals. These animals, like the cow of to-day, walked on the 
tips of the third and fourth fingers, and the gradual disappearance or 
reduction to useless vestiges of the other fingers and toes can be traced, 
as in the horse series. 


Restoration of Eohippus, the four-toed horse. This ancestor of the modern horse, 
scarcely larger than the red fox, lived some three millions of years ago. It comes from 
the Lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico. 


The large blocks, showing groups of skeletons of early camels, skulls 
and bones of primitive ruminants in their natural position 


Camels ? < : 

in the rock, show how these specimens are sometimes 
Giant Pigs found and raise questions as to how they got there, 
and Pigmy more easily asked than answered. The giant pigs, or 


Hippopotamus = e|otheres, and the pigmy hippopotamus will repay 
examination. 

The primitive rhinoceroses are shown near the center of the hall on 
the right. As here indicated great herds roamed over the 
fields in the Tertiary Period and their fossil remains are 
found imbedded in the sandstones and clays of the badland forma- 
tions. A block from Agate, Nebraska, containing remains of rhinocer- 
oses, besides those of afew other animals, shows their wonderful abundance 
in bygone days. Opposite these are shown the ancestors of the dogs, cats 


Rhinoceros 


106 RHINOCEROS 


and other carnivores and the Creodonts or Primitive Carnivores of the 
early Tertiary. Next to these are the small mammals—the insectivores, 
rodents and marsupials; and the fossil lemurs and monkeys, fragmentary 
but interesting because of their bearing on the ancestry of man. 

On the south side on the right are skeletons of titanotheres, on the left 
of uintatheres, huge, extinct, horned animals peculiar to North America. 


SKULL OF MONOCLONIUS 


A huge, horned Dinosaur suggesting a Rhinoceros from the Cretaceous deposits 
of Alberta. One of many specimens obtained by the Museum expeditions. 


TRACHODON 107 


SOUTHEAST PAVILION 
DINOSAUR HALL 
FOSSIL REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISHES 


The visitor now enters the Southeast Pavilion containing the dinosaurs 
and other fossil reptiles and also fishes. This hall is badly crowded, 


DUCK-BILLED DINOSAURS, TRACHODON 


owing to the delay in constructing a new wing. These animals belong 
to a more ancient period than the specimens just examined. They lived 
from 3,000,000 to 10,000,000 years ago, during the Age of Reptiles, when 
dinosaurs and great marine reptiles held the place of the various land 
and sea mammals which had not yet come into existence. The dinosaurs, 
of which the Museum has a large collection, include a great variety of 
extinct reptiles very different from those of the present day. The more or 


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SNUNVSONNVAYAL ANVSONIG SNOAYOAINAVD LVAUYSD AHL AO TINAS 


GREAT DINOSAURS 109 


less complete skeletons of fifteen species are displayed and new examples 
are added from time to time. They were long legged, mostly large or 
of gigantic size. Some were inoffensive herbivorous creatures, others 
active and ferocious beasts of prey. Some went about upon all fours; 
others walked or ran upon the hind legs. One group had large heads with 
powerful horns; another group was completely covered with bony armor 
plates. 

In the wall case on the left is a portion of the skeleton of the dinosaur 
Diplodocus; this was the first of these specimens to be unearthed by the 


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Section of the skin of Trachodon showing the small scutes with which the animal 
was covered. About natural size. 


The Dinosaur Museum, while on the right are the skeletons of several 
Diplodocus kinds of dinosaurs obtained from the Cretaceous formations 
of Alberta, and mounted as they lay when three million years ago their 
carcasses were buried in the sand and mud which in the course of ages 
was gradually converted into the sandstones and shales through which 
the Red Deer River cuts its way. 

The gigantic skeleton in the center of the hall is the huge extinct 
reptile, the dinosaur Brontosaurus, found in the Jurassic beds of Wyo- 
ming. It is mounted in a walking or wading position, for 
it is believed to have been an amphibious animal. About 
two-thirds of the skeleton is the original petrified bone, the rest modelled 
from other specimens. It is sixty-six feet eight inches in length, sixteen 
feet in height and is estimated to have weighed, when alive, thirty-five 
tons. Brontosaurus is one of the largest giant reptiles and as is indicated 


Brontosaurus 


110 MUMMIED DINOSAUR 


by its teeth was herbivorous, probably living on the rank water weeds of 
the nearly sea-level marshes of Wyoming. Contrasted 
with the herbivorous Brontosaurus is the carnivorous dino- 
saur Allosaurus, mounted to represent the animal feeding on the fallen 
carcass of a Brontosaurus, upon which it preyed. This is not a fanciful 
mounting, for these very skeletons were found in close proximity to 
each other in the Jurassic beds of Wyoming, and the skeleton of the fallen 
Brontosaurus shows gouges made by the teeth of Allosaurus as it tore 
the flesh from its victim. 

Near the Allosaurus group is a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus, the last 
and most powerful of the carnivorous dinosaurs. This huge carnivorous 
reptile rivalled the Brontosaurus in size and was far more 
active and ferocious, preying upon the duck-billed and 
horned or armored dinosaurs which lived at the same time. 


Allosaurus 


Tyrannosaurus 


RESTORATION OF NAOSAURUS 


One of Nature’s jokes. Professor Cope, who was also a joker, suggested that the 
high fin served as a sail, by means of which Naosaurus sailed over the lakes near 
which it lived. 


To the left of Brontosaurus are two complete specimens of the duck- 
billed dinosaur T’rachodon. One shows the animal erect 
and standing on guard, while the other is shown feeding on 

shellfish and plants of the Cretaceous swamps of Montana. 

Most wonderful perhaps of all the specimens shown here is a 
“mummy” of Trachodon in which the texture of the skin is preserved. 
Mummied ‘The animal is lying on its back and, in spite of its crushed 
Dinosaur condition, its form is easily distinguishable. It probably 
died on a sand bank or near a shoal where the hot winds dried up the 


Trachodon 


GIANT FOSSIL SHARK lll 


flesh until the skin adhered to the bones like a close-fitting glove, 
and was subsequently buried by a flood. [See Handbook No. 5, 
Dinosaurs. | 

Other specimens shown in the hall include the smaller carnivorous 
dinosaurs, the horned dinosaurs with, in one instance at least, a skull 
seven feet in length, and ancient birds possessed of teeth. There is also a 
fine collection of the very ancient reptiles of the Permian period, mostly 
from Texas and South Africa. Among them are the finback lizards, 
Diadectes, a reptile with a solid-boned skull, and Hryops, a primitive 
amphibian. The finest collection of fossil turtles in the world will be 
found on the south side of the hall. 

In the Tower of the Southeast Pavilion are displayed the fossil fishes 
which belong to a much earlier period than the mammals and reptiles, 
some of them having lived twenty to fifty millions of 
years ago. Many of these forerunners of backboned 
animals are quite unlike any living fishes and are probably only very 
indirectly related to them; some were small, curiously encased in 
shells; others, shown in the three cases in front of the visitor, attained 
large size and were evidently formidable creatures. One of them, in 
fact, Dinichthys, shown in the middle of the gallery, was probably 
among the most destructive creatures that ever lived in the sea. Its 
jaws were so strong that it could crush a plate of bone as thick as one’s 
hand. Such an actual specimen, fractured in life and showing the 
marks of ‘‘teeth,’”’ is shown in a neighboring case. 

The collection is so arranged that he who makes the tour can see the 
principal kinds of fossil fishes and is able, in a measure, to outline the 
history and pedigree of the entire group. He can trace the rise and fall 
of the early plate-covered fishes; the era of the sharks which on the one 
hand supplanted the earliest fishes and were in time replaced by the more 
efficient lungfishes and ganoids; the age of ganoids when the waters were 
filled with these enamel-scaled fishes; finally the age of the bony-fishes, 
or teleosts, the multitudinous forms of to-day, the herrings, cods, perches, 
whose method of swimming, feeding and breeding are far more efficient 
than those of any of their predecessors. 

Above the entrance are the jaws, ‘‘models,”’ spreading nine feet, of a 
huge fossil shark in which the actual teeth are arranged as in the sharks 


Fossil Fishes 


Jaws of of to-day, in the usual banks or rows—the teeth in the 
Giant Fossil hinder rows serving to replace those in front, nature 
Shark having dealt more kindly in the matter of teeth with 


sharks than with man. Such a shark probably measured from seventy 
to ninety feet and its race may well have became extinct, when for 
various reasons the enormous volume of food necessary to support it 
could not be maintained within its range of sea. 


112 GANOIDS 


In the first alcove to the left, by the window, is a “fossil aquarium”’ 
Fossil in which a number of models of these earliest fishes 
Aquarium are arranged in a group, as though alive in the sea. 

In the next alcove are the early fossil sharks which superseded the 
tribe of plated fishes just mentioned. These sharks had soft skeletons, 
simple fins, and a number of other primitive features which 
lead to the belief that all the higher fishes, and the higher 
back-boned animals therefore as well, were descended from them, their 
simpler structures becoming more complicated in many directions. In 
one of the early sharks here exhibited, impressions of soft parts such as 
muscles and gill filaments have been preserved. 

In the third alcove appear rare fossils of silver sharks or Chimeeroids, 
which appear to have been developed from a primitive race of sharks. 
Curiously enough fossil egg capsules of these forms are 
sometimes preserved, and examples are here present. 
In the neighboring cases are shown ancient lungfishes and ganoids— 
groups from which all land-living quadrupeds are believed to be 
descended. 

In the fourth alcove are shown the ganoid fishes which dominated the 
waters during the Age of Reptiles. They were of many kinds and 
sizes, most of them with lozenge-shaped scales of bone, 
with enamelled surface. 

In the fifth alcove are the petrified fishes of the Age of Mammals. By 
this time nearly all of the primitive fishes, like sharks, lungfishes and | 
ganoids, had become extinct; and the common forms were 
bony-fishes, or teleosts, closely related to our herrings, 
perches, mackerels and daces. 

Return to the South Pavilion or Hall’of the Age of Man 


Sharks 


Chimeroids 


Ganoids 


Teleosts 


SoutH CENTRAL WING 


GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALAXCONTOLOGY 


Turning northward at the center of the Quaternary Hall containing 
the mastodons and mammoths, the visitor enters the South Central Wing 
of the building and is in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Palzon- 
tology. Paleontology is the science of the ancient life of the earth; its 
field is the study of the fossilized shells and other hard parts and the 
various kinds of imprints left by the animals formerly inhabiting the 
seas and lands, and preserved in deposits which now form our stratified 
rocks. As normally the upper layers of a series of strata are more recent 
than the lower, the fossils reveal the succession of life forms in the earth’s 


TYPES 113 


crust and thus are of the highest value and interest to the student of 
historical geology. Since, however, the remains of only a small propor- 
tion of the animals living at a given period are permanently preserved 
in the marine, river, lake and subaérial deposits of that period, the 
geological record of animal and plant forms is far from complete. Inas- 
much as invertebrate animals are far less free in their movements than 
the vertebrate forms, they are accepted as the best determinants of the 
geological age of a bed or rock, even when remains of both kinds are 
found together. Invertebrate life, too, appeared on the globe far earlier 
than vertebrate, and remains of certain species are abundant in the 
lowest, ‘‘oldest,” of our stratified rocks. 

At the left near the entrance to the hall there has been installed a 
topographical or relief map model of the Bright Angel section of the 


Grand Grand Canyon of the Colorado. The scale is large enough 
Canyon to give the visitor a vivid idea of the extensive erosion 
Model that has taken place in a famous region where the geology 


lies spread out so plainly that he who runs may read. 

Opposite the Grand Canyon model is one of Porto Rico and the Virgin 
Islands with the neighboring vast ocean ‘‘deeps.’? Farther on in the hall 
are the relief map models of Mt. Washington and vicinity, New Hamp- 
shire, showing typical glacial cirques and other glacial phenomena in an 
area of crystalline rocks; the Watkins Glen—Seneca Lake district of 
central New York State, showing moraine deposits and other features 
due to the advance and retreat of the continental ice sheet over a region 
of horizontal beds of limestone, sandstone and shale; and the Mt. Tom- 
Mt. Holyoke district in western Massachusetts, showing a great trough 
traversing the ancient crystalline rocks and later filled with the sands and 
muds deposited in Triassic time and their associated old lava flows. 
At the north end of the hall on the west side is the relief map model of 
the Standing Stone district near Monterey, Tennessee, showing normal 
subaérial erosion and the production of sink holes in a region of nearly 
horizontal conglomerate, sandstone, limestone and shale. These are 
part of a series of models which have been planned to occupy the ends 
of the upright cases throughout the hall, illustrating the most evident 
and striking results of the action of geological forces. 

In the desk cases down the center of the hall are about 8350 type and 
figured specimens used by James Hall, R. P. Whitfield 
and others in the original description and naming of 
species, or in their further elucidation. 

The specimens in the cases on the left or west side of the hall are being 
arranged to illustrate stratigraphic geology, beginning at the south 


Types 


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COPPER QUEEN MINE 115 


Stratigraphic (entrance) with the Archean rocks, which are the lowest 
or Historical and oldest of all and contain no fossils, and advancing 
Geology regularly through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, 
Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary. 
Most of the specimens on exhibition are from American localities and the 
species are arranged according to their position in the scale of life, the 
lower, or simpler forms being placed first. The specimens shown are 
those particularly characteristic of the various horizons, the object being 
to give an idea of the general character of the life of different periods of 
the world’s history. 

At the entrance of the second alcove is placed the first of a series of 
eight models illustrating critical stages in paleogeographical develop- 
ment of North America. This represents the supposed distribution of 
land and water in Ordovician time. | 

The specimens on the east, or right, side are being arranged to illus- 
trate biologic geology, the classification and relationship of the plants 


Biologic and animals of past geologic times. The series starts 
Geology with the plants and is followed by the various subdivisions 


of the animal kingdom, again beginning with the lower, or simpler forms 
and continuing to the highest. 

In the first aleove on the right is the stump and part of the roots of 
a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pa. Millions 
of years ago, in the geological period known as the Carboniferous, this 
Fossilized tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of 
Tree Stumps decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most 
valuable bed of coal. The stump was left in the roof of the mine when 
the coal was extracted for commercial and domestic uses. It fell to the 
floor years after the gallery had been abandoned and was discovered 
only through the chance visit of a miner. 

In the end of the fourth upright case on the left side of the hall is the 
stump of a large fossil tree-fern of Ham Iton or Middle Devonian age 
from a new quarry opened in connection with the great engineering work 
of the New York City Board of Water Supply. These are the oldest 
trees known. 

The northeastern corner of the hall is devoted to the Copper Queen 
Mine Model and a series of ores and other specimens from the famous 
Copper QueenBisbee-Warren copper district in southern Arizona. ‘Two 
Mine Model models have been prepared as a result of several years of 
and Exhibit extremely painstaking and skillful work. A large model, 
some 18 by 12 feet in dimensions, shows on a scale of twenty-four 
feet to the inch all the surface features and mine and other buildings 
over four of the principal mines (Holbrook, Spray, Gardiner and Lowell) 


116 COPPER QUEEN MINE 


belonging to the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, while a 
painted background represents the surrounding mountains and the 
town of Bisbee. The sides of the model give vertical sections to the 
depth of about 1,200 feet illustrating the geology of the area and showing 
the general manner of getting out the ore and hunting for new deposits. 
There were produced in about 30 years (1880-1912) from the mines at 
Bisbee belonging to this company 7,729,922 tons of copper ore of an 
average copper content of 7.16%. The metal production in this period 
was 

Copper—1,106,605,775 pounds (553,308 tons) 

Gold —104,775 ounces Troy (8,731 pounds) 

Silver —6,107,421 ounces Troy (508,952 pounds) 

Near the large general model there has been installed a small model on 
a scale of six feet to the inch showing the usual methods of extracting 
the ore by “‘stoping.’”’ Drilling, picking, timbering, filling old cavities, 
transporting, raising ore to the surface, and other operations are illus- 
trated as well as is practicable on the scale adopted. The shaft is 
equipped with its cages, which are arranged so that they go up and down 
by means of automatic machinery. 

Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from the mine and the adjacent 
country illustrate the geology of the region. Chief of these specimens 
are velvet malachites that were taken from the original ‘‘Queen’”’ mine, 
the Open Cut, in the early eighties and a great block of malachite and 
azurite weighing about four tons taken from the mine in 1892 and 
included in the Arizona mining exhibit at the Columbian Exposition 
in 1893. 

The northwest corner of the hall contains a display of caves and cave 
material including a reproduction of part of a beautiful cave that was 
discovered early in 1910 in mining operations at the Copper 
Queen mine. The cave was formed by the dissolving 
action of water traversing joints in limestone, and its walls, roof 
and bottom were afterward coated with calcite (cale spar) incrustations, 
stalactites and stalagmites, some of which are dazzling white while 
others are colored green with copper salts or pink with manganese 
compounds. 

Alongside the Copper Queen cave is a reproduction of a chamber in 
Weyer’s Cave, Virginia. Weyer’s Cave is in a region of much heavier 
rainfall than Bisbee, which is probably the principal factor in producing 
a greater wealth of regular stalactite and stalagmite growth than adorns 
the Copper Queen cave, and this exhibit illustrates not only the great 
variety in form but the reasons for this extraordinary diversity. 


Caves 


THE HORSE UNDER DOMESTICATION 


DRAFT HORSE, PULLING HEAVY LOAD 


West CorrIDOR 
THE HORSE UNDER DOMESTICATION 


This hall, which formerly held the Gem Collection, is now devoted 
to exhibits illustrating the great modifications that man has brought 
about by selection in adapting the horse to his various needs. 

Under his management speed has been increased in the race horse, 
weight and strength in the draft horse, while for purposes of pleasure 
the Shetland Pony has been reduced to a diminutive size. The great 
modifications in the skeleton that have accompanied these changes are 
well shown :in the series of beautiful skeletons, while other exhibits 
illustrate the structure of the skull and teeth and the changes that 
take place with age. 

The similarity in structure (homology) of the skeletons of horse and 
man is brought out in the exhibit of a rearing horse, controlled by man. 
A comparison will show that although very different in proportions the 
bones of the one correspond with those of the other. 

The collection includes some noteworthy horses such as Sysonby 
and the Arab stallion Nimr. 


SIT 


SWAD GNV STVYANIW AO TIVH NYDYOW AO MAIA TVWYANAD 


MINERALS AND GEMS 119 


MALACHITE FROM BISBEE, ARIZONA 


SOUTHWEST WING 


MINERALS AND GEMS 


The southwest wing comprises the Morgan Memorial Hall of Minerals 
and Gems. This hall, through the gift of Mr. George F. Baker, has been 
remodeled to contain the General Collection of Minerals and the Morgan 
Gem Collection, thus constituting a memorial to the great services of 
Mr. Morgan as a founder and benefactor of the Museum. 

Of these, the General Collection of Minerals is without question one of 
the finest mineral collections to be found in the world, ranking with that 
of the British Museum and the Jardin des Plantes. It is chiefly composed 
of the well-known Bement Collection, presented to the Museum in 1900 
by the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Although remarkably complete in 
its representation of most of the mineral species known to science, this 
collection is especially noteworthy for its assemblage of splendid examples 
of the commoner and more widely distributed minerals. 

The visitor should begin with the first of the table cases, to the left 
of the entrances, and proceed from left to right along each side of every 
ease advancing through the south row of cases and returning through 
the north row. The different species are divided within the case by 


120 MINERALS AND GEMS 


narrow strips between the mounts and each case is furnished with a 
descriptive label referring to its contents and indicating the wall case 
which contains large and handsome specimens of the same species. To 
the right of the entrance will be found cases in which the subject of 
Crystallization is presented by a series of models. This series as well 
as other explanatory exhibits in adjoining cases, constitutes an impor- 
tant key to the understanding and appreciation of the general mineral 
collection. 

The cases occupying the middle of the hall contain the Morgan Gem 
Collection comprising the valuable series of gems and precious stones also 
presented by J. Pierpont Morgan, to which have been added from time 
to time noteworthy specimens given by other friends of the Museum. 

The Morgan collection includes the series of American gems assembled 
by Tiffany & Company for the Paris Exposition of 1889 and the series 
of foreign gems and gem stones exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1900. 

The installation comprises examples of those minerals which are used 
for gems and for ornamental objects and consists of rough, uncut material 
and of fashioned gem stones and carved objects. All of the specimens 
exhibited have been chosen with great care and are not only thoroughly 
representative but include many examples which are unique in size, 
beauty of coloring and perfection of execution, reflecting the very highest 
standards of the art of the lapidary. Here again explanatory labels are 
used to give meaning and weight to the exhibit not merely as a display 
of jewelry material but as a complete visual exposition of the knowledge 
of gem stones. 

The visitor should proceed from the entrance along the north row of 
cases, returning along the south row. The case containing the Sapphires 
and Rubies, near the beginning of the series, presents a particularly fine 
display of these gems. Close by will be found a large and varied assem- 
blage of Aquamarines embracing many gems of exceptional size and color. 
The cases devoted to Rock Crystal contain a number of carved and en- 
eraved objects of rare beauty and value. The handsome semiprecious 
stone Kunzite is represented by especially large and fine examples to be 
found toward the middle of the series. An interesting exhibit illustrating 
the primitive and antique use of gems is displayed in cases in the south 
row near the entrance. This includes many engraved cylinders of great 
age and the famous Babylonian ax-head of banded agate. An exquisitely 
carved statuette of blue Chalcedony, the gift of Mr. Charles Lanier, will 
be found in the center of the installation. 


COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 121 


SOUTHWEST PAVILION 


COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 


om 
ee 
ie 


TAHITIAN FIRE-WALKER 


Ii 
#, 


On entering the Southwest 
Pavilion beyond the Hall of 
Minerals the visitor faces 
eroups representing } the 
natives of the Pacific 
Islands. Directly in the 
center is a Tahitian priest 
taking part in the fire-walk- 
ing ceremony, in which 
the participants walk over 
heated boulders of lava. 
On each side is a group 
showing natives engaged in 
typical activities,—grating 
coeonut, preparing kava, 
or weaving mats. 

Attached to a pillar near 
the entrance there is a fine 
Hawaiian feathercape, such 
as was formerly worn by 
the highest ranks of Hawai- 
ian society. Redand yellow 
honeysucker feathers com- 
pletely hide the netted 
twine foundation. The 
value of these garments 
was proportionate to the 
enormous labor expended 
on their manufacture. 

The hal! is roughly di- 
vided into two main sec- 
tions. In the eastern half 
are exhibited the collections 
from Polynesia and Micro- 
nesia, while the western 
half is devoted to New 
Guinea, Melanesia and 


Australia. However, it proved impossible to separate Melanesian Fiji 


122 COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 


from Samoa and Tonga, and for practical reasons the New Zealand 
specimens are displayed on either side of the tower. 

In the Polynesian section the examples of decorated native bark 
cloth (tapa) are especially noteworthy, and a number of canoe models 
remind us that these people are daring seafarers. A series of ceremonial 
adzes from the Cook Islands in the northeastern quarter of the hall shows 
aboriginal carving at its highest level. 


HAWAIIAN FEATHER CLOAK 


In the western section the elaborately carved sacred masks about 14 
feet back of the Tahitian priest illustrate the westhetic tendencies of 
Melanesia, which are also apparent in a totem pole set on top of a vertical 
case. Very different from these artistic manifestations are the carvings 
of the New Zealanders (Maori) characterized by the dominant spiral 
motive. A series of dried and tattooed Maori heads forms one of the 
most remarkable exhibits in the Museum. | 

Near the boundary between the two main sections are the Australian 
cases with numerous boomerangs and very crude stone tools, which 
should be compared with those in the archeological hall (p. 47). In the 
northwest corner of the hall are shields, clubs, carvings and household 
utensils from New Guinea. 


COLLECTIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 125 


WEST WING 
COLLECTIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 


The hall due north of the Pacific Islands hall is devoted mainly to the 
Philippine Islands, but some of the cases in the northwest corner house 
collections from other parts of Malaysia, such as the interesting series of 
marionettes from Java. 

At the right of the entrance is a case containing life casts of 
faces, nose and hair from the different races represented in this hall. 
Also charts of stature and head form, with distribution maps. (See 
Handbook No. 8, The Peoples of the Philippines.) 

Near the entrance and in the center aisle may be seen the model of a 
woman weaving a garment on a native loom; at the far end of the 
hall a native tree house dominates the scene; and east of it there 
is the model of a bamboo-walled and thatch-roofed house. 

The visitor should note that like the African Negroes, but unlike all 
other primitive stocks, the Malayan tribes represented in this hall used 
iron tools. The numerous iron weapons—spears, battle-axes, and krises 
(daggers with serpentine blades)—are especially remarkable. 

On the west side of the hall will be found a number of synoptic exhibits 
of native krises, shields, fabrics, basketry and ceramics. Pottery 
is not highly developed in this area, but the textile arts flourish to a 
remarkable degree. The industrial lite of the Bagobo of Mindanao is 
particularly well illustrated in the collections. 

Much more primitive in their culture than the other Malaysians are 
the Negritos, a dark-skinned and frizzly-haired pigmy stock forming 
with similar grcups in other parts of the world a distinct division of 
the Negro race. They are everywhere hunters using the bow and arrow 
and ignorant of agriculture. Their simple implements are shown in a 
table case in the northeastern section of the hall. 


MORO BETEL BOXES 


i, 


WEST 


NOQTH 


OFFIC EDS eG LAB ORATORTEES 
OF THE 
SGUEIN Gs) EliGe sD EIA 


OFFICES ¥&6 LABORATORIES 
ADMINISTRATIVE 
SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS 


LIBRARY 
EADING ROOM 


FtrrH FLOoR 


The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices 
and laboratories of the scientific departments and the brary which con- 
tains over 100,000 volumes on natural history, anthropology and travel. 

The library now contains over 15,000 volumes on zodlogy, com- 
prising many of the extremely rare and interesting monographs in 
ornithology; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in entomology, 
including many of the rare classics, and a 2,000 volume collection in 
conchology containing the standard works of Kuster, Reeve and Binney. 
There is also a well selected collection of 2,500 volumes in anthropology, 
including many of the older works relating to the North American 
Indian; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in geology enriched by 
the library of the late Professor Jules Marcou; a collection of 5,000 
volumes in paleontology, to a large extent included in the Osborn 
Library of Vertebrate Paleontology located in the southeast wing; also 
an unusally complete collection of more than 25,000 volumes of natural 
science periodicals. 

The reading room of the library is located in the west corridor and, 
with the exception of Sundays and holidays, is open free daily, from 9 
A.M. to 5 P.M., to all who may wish to consult the books. Besides the 
current issues of the more important periodicals, it contains the more 
general works of reference, while other volumes will, upon application 
to the librarian, be furnished to those who wish to consult them. 

On this floor, too, are the workrooms of the Department of Vertebrate 
Paleontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are prepared and 
mounted, and the laboratory where are made the beautiful models of 
invertebrates. 

These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the 
public. 


124 


EAtoi 


bho 
_ 
or 


ADMINISTRATION 


THE HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM 


HE American Museum of Natural History was founded and 
incorporated in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a Museum 
and Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing 

the study of Natural Science; of advancing the general knowledge of 
kindred subjects, and to that end of furnishing popular 
instruction. For eight years its temporary home was in 
the Arsenal in Central Park during which time many important collec- 


History 


tions were secured. 

The cornerstone of the present building in Manhattan Square was 
laid in 1874 by President U.S. Grant; in 1877 the first section (South 
Central Wing) was completed, and on December 22, 1877, the Museum 
was formally opened by President R. B. Hayes. 

The Museum building is one of the largest municipal structures in the 
City, and has cost approximately $5,000,000. The South Fac¢ade is 710 
feet in length; the total area of the floor is 470,789 square feet, or 
about 10 acres, of which 271,886 square feet are open to the public. The 
building when completed is designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square. 

The building is erected and largely maintained by the City, through 
the Department of Parks. Building funds are provided for by issues 
Administration Of Corporate Stock, which have been made at intervals 
and Support = since 1871. The annual appropriation, known as the 
Maintenance Fund, is devoted to the heating, hghting, repair and 
supervision of the building and care of the collections. 

The Museum is under the control of a self-perpetuating Board of 
Trustees, which has the entire direction of all its activities as well as the 
guardianship of all the collections and exhibits. The Trustees give their 
services without remuneration. 

The funds which enable the Trustees to purchase specimens, to carry 
on explorations and various forms of scientific work, to prepare and 
publish scientific papers and to enlarge the library, are raised by contri- 
butions from the Trustees and other friends. These contributions come 
from three sources—namely, (1) the Endowment Fund, (2) Member- 
ship Fund, (3) voluntary subscriptions. 

The interest of the Endowment Fund, which includes the magnificent 
bequest of Mrs. Jesup, may be used for additions to the collections, 
research, and for publication. It cannot be used for the care or repair 
of the building, construction of cases or other maintenance work that 
is properly the province of the City to provide for. 


126 PURPOSES OF MUSEUMS 


The Membership Fund, derived from the subscriptions of Members, 
may be devoted to any purpose and is of particular importance in the 
educational work of the Museum. 

Voluntary contributions may be used for general purposes or for such 
special object as the donor may designate; some of the most valuable and 
important collections have been obtained by such gifts, as for example 
the Morgan collection of gems and the Juilliard collection of ancient 
Peruvian pottery and textiles. 

There are at present about 6500 members. Annual Members con- 
tribute $10 a year for the support of the Museum; Life 
Members make a single contribution of $100. Member- 
ship fees are of great service in promoting the growth of the institution. 

In the last edition of the Century Dictionary a museum is defined as: 
“A collection of natural objects, or of those made or used by man, 
Definition of Placed where they may be seen, preserved, and studied. 
a Museum Neither the objects themselves, nor the place where 
they are shown, constitute a museum; this results from the com- 
bination of objects, place, and purpose, display being an essential 
feature. The objects, or specimens, may be shown for general purposes 
only, or for the illustration of some subject or idea, the tendency of 
modern museums being, by the display of objects and the manner in 
which they are arranged and labeled, to illustrate some fact in nature or 
in the history of mankind.” 

And E. Ray Lankester as Director of the British Museum of Natural 
History stated that: 

“The purposes of a great national museum of natural history are: 
(1) To procure by its own explorers or by the voluntary assistance 
Purposes of of independent naturalists the actual specimens upon 
Museums which accurate knowledge of the animals, plants, and 
minerals of the earth’s surface, and more especially of the national 
territory, is based; to preserve and arrange these collections for study 
by all expert naturalists, and to facilitate, directly or indirectly, the 
publication (in the form of catalogues or monographs) of the knowledge 
so obtained—with a view to its utilization, not only in the progress of 
science, but in the service of the State. (2) To exhibit in the best 
possible way for the edification of the public, at whose charges these 
collections are made and maintained, such specimens as are fitted for 
exposure in public galleries, with a view to the intelligent and willing 
participation of the people in the maintenance of the Museum.”’ 

As the Museum is emphatically “for the people,” special attention 
is given to making the exhibits attractive and interesting as well as 
instructive. 


Membership 


PURPOSES OF MUSEUMS 127 


While the American Museum of Natural History cannot claim to 
have originated the idea of displaying animals amid their natural sur- 
roundings, it was the first large museum in this country to adopt this 
method, which it has since carried out on a large scale in (see Leaflet 
“The Story of Museum Groups’’) the well-known habitat groups. How 
it has been developed the visitor may judge by comparing the group of 
Robins with the great Florida Group and the Hopi Group. 

In the Museum were also developed the methods of preparing and 
mounting the skeletons of extinct animals that have resulted in such 
mounts as Brontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, and the series showing 
the development of the horse, so that they might be something more 
than an assemblage of uninteresting bones. 

The Museum not only maintains exhibits ‘‘for the edification of the 
public,’ but supplements the educational work performed by these 
How These 2d their accompanying labels by lectures and publications 
Purposes are of a popular nature. A course of evening lectures Is given 
parse ott every Spring and Fall for the Members, to which admission 
is to be had by ticket; also courses of Science Stories are 
given on Saturday mornings for the children of members. 
Another series of lectures, free to the public, is given in conjunction 
with the Board of Education on Tuesday and Saturday evenings. Still 
another series. under the direction of the Museum’s Department of 
Public Education, is given forthe children of the Public Schools, and there 
are special lectures for the blind provided for by the Jonathan Thorne 
Memorial Fund. The educational work of the Museum is carried still 
farther by means of its circulating collections for illustrating nature 
study which are sent free to the schools of Greater New York. The 
extent to which these collections are used is shown by the following 
statistics for the last five vears: 


Lectures 


1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 


Number of Collections in 

URE ote eas ee se 629 668 S87 S69 824 
Number of Schools in 

Greater New York 


LV 8] 5) bse ase nr a ane 419 385 448 477 475 
Number of Pupils Study- 


ing Collections........| 790,346 | 850,992 | 1,176.055 | 1,247,515} 1,648,608 

In 1916 the work of the Museum was extended by the establishment 
of local lecture centers, or courses of lectures given by members of the 
Museum staff in certain of the public schools. 


AWONOULSY DNIAGOALS GNITA AHL 


Wenonah 
. " ities: epee 


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STUDY COLLECTIONS 129 


Arrangements were also made by which the large series of lantern 
slides, numbering more than 25,000, were loaned to teachers for use in 
classrooms. 

The scientific side of the work of the Museum is based upon its 
explorations and study collections. 

The Study Collections, as the name implies, are not only for the 
Study benefit of students but preserve a record of our vanishing 
Collections — animal life and of the life and customs of our own and other 
primitive peoples. 

In the case of Natural History the vast majority of the specimens are 
in the study series, not only because they would ultimately be ruined by 
exposure to light but because the display of all material would only con- 
fuse the visitor. Moreover, no museum has room to show everything, 
and a careful selection is made of objects of the greatest educational 
value and these are so displayed as to enhance their interest and attrac- 
tiveness. 

The Study Collections are, briefly, as follows: 

Anthropology—Ethnology.—On the attic floor of the west wing and 
the northwest pavilion there are thirty-three fireproof storerooms con- 
taining the ethnological study collections of more than 100,000 catalogue 
numbers, comprising extensive series of the Philippine Islands, Siberia, 
China, Africa, South Africa and the various culture areas in North 
America. 

The human skeleton material is largely from western States and South 
America. About two thousand crania have been classified and made 
available for study. 

Archexology.—In archeology there is a large type series of stone 
objects from the various States of the Union. Full collections from 
excavated sites in British Columbia, Washington State, New York State, 
Kentucky, Arizona and New Mexico are here, together with a special 
series from the Trenton Valley. There is much material from Mexico, 
Peru, Bolivia and Europe. 

Geology—The study collections comprise, among other things, the 
Hitchcock series of rocks illustrating thirteen geological sections across 
the States of Vermont and New Hampshire; a complete set of duplicate 
specimens from the United States geological survey of the Fortieth 
Parallel; a series illustrating the early geological survey of Pennsylvania; 
a complete typical series of rocks and microscopic thin sections illus- 
trating Rosenbusch’s manual of petrography; large series of American 
rocks; a complete series typifying the rocks encountered in driving the 
Simplon tunnel, Switzerland; many ores and economic specimens. 


HOW SPECIMENS ARE CARED FOR 


How skins of Mammals are stored 


1350 


STUDY COLLECTIONS 131 


Invertebrate Palzontology.—Great numbers of fossil invertebrates, 
too numerous and varied to particularize, but representing many of the 
important groups and including a large number of types. 

Foremost among these is the James Hall collection comprising about 
7,000 types of New York State fossils, though most important additions 
have been made, especially during 1917. 

Ichthyology.—The collection of fishes comprises about 7,000 cata- 
logued specimens, preserved in alcohol and kept in tanks and jars. 

The fossil fish collection is one of the largest, if not the largest, in 
America, comprising about 10,000 catalogued specimens; it includes the 
Newberry, the Cope and several smaller collections. 

Herpetology.—The collection of frogs, salamanders and reptiles num- 
bers about 15,000 specimens. 

Invertebrate Zoélogy.— General Invertebrates — About 60,000 specimens 
of protozoans, sponges, polyps, starfishes, sea-urchins, worms, 
crustaceans, spiders, myriapods and chordates. 

Insects —(a) Local collection comprising insects within fifty miles of 
New York City. (6b) General collection including more than 500,000 
specimens, among them the types of many species. 

Shells —The Molluscan collections of the Museum, exclusive of fossils, 
include about 15,000 species, comprised for the most part in the Jay and 
Haines collections. 

Mammalogy.—The study collection of mammals contains about 
35,000 skins, skulls and skeletons, exclusive of the material obtained by 
the Congo Expedition, which has not yet been fully catalogued, but 
comprises about 5,800 mammals, 6,200 birds, 4,800 reptiles and 6,000 
fishes, besides 3,800 ethnographical specimens and more than 100,000 
invertebrates, the results of six years’ work. 

The Museum is especially rich in South American forms. Mexico 
and the Arctic are well represented; from the latter region there is a 
large and unique series of the beautiful white Peary’s caribou and of the 
Greenland muskox, comprising about 150 specimens. The collection 
of whales is one of the finest in the world. 

Ornithology.—The study collection of birds consists of approximately 
150,000 skins and mounted birds, about nine-tenths of which are from 
the West Hemisphere, and several thousand nests and eggs. South 
America is represented by a large collection from Matto Grosso, Brazil, 
and very extensive collections from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela 
and Trinidad. 

From North America, there are important collections from Mexico, 
Nicaragua, California, Texas, Arizona and the Middle Atlantic States— 
the Rocky Mountain region being most poorly represented. Of special 


132 PUBLICATIONS 


collections, the George N. Lawrence and Maximilian collections are of 
great importance from the hundreds of type specimens which they 
contain. 

Mineralogy.—Most of the mineral specimens are on exhibition, but 
the overflow from the public cases forms a study series of no mean 
proportion. 

Vertebrate Palxontology—The study collections comprise about 
15,000 catalogued specimens of fossil mammals, 6,000 fossil reptiles and 
amphibians and a few hundred fossil birds. Most of these are from the 
western United States. The collections of fossil horses, Eocene mam- 
mals and Cretaceous dinosaurs are unrivaled. The fossil rhinoceroses, 
camels, oreodonts, carnivora, Fayum, Pampean and Patagonian mam- 
mals, Jurassic dinosaurs, Permian reptiles, turtles, ete., are lkewise 
of the first rank. They include more than nine hundred type specimens 
of fossil mammals and several hundred type specimens of fossil reptiles 
and amphibians. 

The Museum Library, located on the fifth floor, contains about 100,000 
volumes on various branches of natural history (save botany), anthro- 
pology and travel. It is particularly strong in vertebrate 
paleontology and_ scientific periodicals. Like other 
museum libraries, it 1s of necessity a reference library, but, except on 
Sundays and holidays, may be freely used by the public during the hours 
when the Museum is open. 

The Osborn Library, founded by President Osborn, is also on the 
fifth floor and contains works on vertebrate paleontology and related 
subjects. 

The publications of the Museum, aside from the Annual Report, fall 
naturally into two groups: scientific and popular. The former, compris- 
ing the Memoirs, Anthropological Papers and Bulletin, 
contain information gathered by the various expeditions, 
or derived from the study of material collected; they are from the nature 
of their subjects mainly of a technical character. The Memoirs consist 
of the larger, more important papers, or those that call for unusually 
large illustrations. These are issued from time to time as occasion may 
demand. The Bulletin comprises the shorter papers, those that contain 
information that it is desirable to issue promptly, and a volume of about 
400 pages is issued annually. The scientific papers are distributed, 
largely in exchange, to museums and libraries throughout the world. 

The popular publications include the Journal, Leaflets, Guides and 
Handbooks, and are intended for the information of the general public. 
The Journal, now Natural History, begun in 1900, is the means of 
promptly informing the Museum members of the work of the institution. 


Library 


Publications 


STUDY COLLECTIONS 133 


giving the results of the many expeditions, telling of the collections made, 
or more important information gathered. It also describes at length 
interesting or noteworthy installations, and notes the accessions to the 
various departments, changes in the personnel of the Museum, and 
elections to Membership. The illustrated Guide Leaflets deal with ex- 
hibits of particular interest or importance, such as the Habitat Groups of 
Birds, the Evolution of the Horse, Meteorites, the Indians of Manhattan, 
‘alling attention to important objects on exhibition and giving informa- 
tion in regard to them. The Handbooks, eight of which have been issued, 
deal with subjects or topics rather than objects. Thus the Plains Indians 
Handbook, by Dr. Wissler, is not merely a guide to the exhibition hall, 
but tells of the life and customs of these Indians, their language, political 
organizations, religious beliefs and ceremonies. 

The distribution of these popular publications is a part of the educa- 
tional work of the Museum, as are exhibits and lectures, and so far 
they have been necessarily often sold below the cost of publication, as 
is done by other museums. 

An important part of the Museum, not seen by the public, is the 
workshops, located in the basement and provided with machinery of the 
most improved pattern. Here, among other things, are 
constructed the various types of cases used in the Museum, 
including the light, metal-frame case, devised in the institution. 

Another most important part is the fully equipped printing estab- 
lishment where all the printing of the Museum is now done. 

Still other rooms, which, of necessity, are not open to the public, are 
the laboratories, wherein is carried on the varied work of preparing 
exhibits, work which calls for the services of a very considerable number 
of artists and artisans. 

Here are cast, modelled or mounted, the figures for the many groups 
from Man to Myxine; here leaves are made to grow and flowers to bloom 
as accessories for beasts,! birds and fishes, to say nothing of reptiles and 
amphibians, and here, with painstaking care, are slowly created in glass 
and wax the magnified copies of invertebrates. 

From all this may be gathered that a museum is a very busy place, 
much more so than the casual visitor is apt to imagine. In fact, a very 
good museum man has said that a museum Is much like an iceberg, seven- 
eighths of it under water and invisible. 


Workshops 


See Guide Loafict No. 43. 


MEMBERSHIP 

For the purchase or collection of specimens and their preparation, 
for research, publication, and additions to the library, the Museum is 
dependent on its endowment fund and its friends. The latter contribute 
either by direct subscriptions or through the fund derived from the dues 
of Members, and this Membership Fund is of particular importance from 
the fact that it may be devoted to such purpose as the Trustees may deem 
most important. There are now more than six thousand seven hundred 
Members of the Museum whoare contributing tothis work. If you believe 
that the Museum is doing a useful service to science and to education, the 
Trustees invite you to lend your support by becoming a Member. 

The various Classes of Resident Membership are as follows: 


Annusak Mem beri) ie ee ee Tall $10 
Sustaining Member... . . . . . _ (annually) 20 
LifeaMembery™ Bin aes dellhs ey OR) oe cee ee ce 100 
Fellowsk: "steer oe Bey ee tes 2 ne ee 500 
Patron aes igs. OEY al Cot Peach ee ah ae 1,000 
Associatesbenelacton.. = 2 © eek. ea ee 10,000 
Agsociate:Houndéte-e tees ee ee en es 25,000 
Benefactor at OE EY Pi de OP 50,000 


They have the following privileges: 

An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. 

Complimentary tickets to the Members’ Room for their friends. 

Services of an Instructor for guidance through the Museum. 

Two course tickets to Spring and Autumn Lectures. 

Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets on request. 

Current numbers of the American Museum Journal, Natura. 
History. 

The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. 


ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP 


In order that those not residing within 50 miles of New York City 
may be associated with the Museum and its work, the class of Associ- 
ate Members, whose annual dues are $3, was established in 1916. 
These Members have the following privileges: 

Current issues of NATURAL History. 

The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. 

An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. This large room 
on the third floor is given over exclusively to Members, and is equipped 
with every comfort for rest, reading and correspondence. 

Two complimentary tickets admitting to the Members’ Room for 
distribution by Members to their friends. 

The services of an Instructor for guidance when visiting the Museum. 


INDEX 


Page numbers of illustrations are set in heavy facet ype. 


Administrative Offices 124 

African collections 48 

“ Ahnighito”’ meteorite 11 

Albinos 93 

Allosaurus 110 

Amphibians 37-41; Fossil 107 

Amundsen Sledge 27 

Annulates 32 

Antelope Group 61 

Apache Group 24 

Arapaho Dancer 19 

Archeology, Mexico and Central America 43, of 
North America 47; West Indies 90 

Aretic-Alpine Bird Life Group 78 

Arthropods 32 

Assembly Halls 9 

Auditorium 15 

Auduboniana 86 

Auk 50 

Aztecs 44, 45 


Bacteria 81 

Baskets: 
African 49; Chinese 91; Indian 13, 17, 19, 21- 

25; Pacific Islands 122 

Bat, Fruit 71 

Bears 60, 65 

Beaver Group 63, 64 

Bement Collection 119 

Bench Mark 9 

‘Big Tree”’ of California 27 

Bird Feeding Group 52 

Bird Groups 42, 51—53, 72—S0 

Bird Rock Group 79 

Birds, Local 42 

Birds of paradise 52 

Birds of the world 49 

Birds, Seasonal collection 42 

Bison Group 59, 60 

Blankets, Chilkat 12, 13; Navajo 25 

Blind, work with 127, 128 

Booby and Man-of-War Group 78 

Brandt’s Cormorant Group 77 

Brontosaurus 109 

Bronzes from Benin 49; from China 91 

Brown Pelican Group 75, 76 

Bryozoa Group 35 

Bubonic Plague 81 

Building Stones 15 

Bullfrog Group 39 

Bust of Bickmore 15; of Darwin 30; American 
Men of Science 11; Pasteur 80; Sargent 27; 
Burroughs 43 

Butterflies 96 


Calendar Stone 45 

Canoe, Haida 13, Dugout 16 
Caribou 67 

Catlin Paintings 20 

Cave Man 47 

Cave, Copper Queen 116; Weyer’s 116 
Chichen Itza 45 

Chilkat blankets 12, 13 
Chimeroids 55, 56, 112 
Chinese collections 91 

Cicada 97 

Clam and Oyster, Models 32 
Cobb’s Island Group 74 
Cobra Group 39 

Codices 43 

Condor Group 77 

Congo Collections 48, 49, 131 
Copperhead Snake Group 39 
Copper Queen Cave 116; Mine 115 
Corals 33 

Coyote Group 65 

Crane Group 58, 75, 78 
Crustaceans 32 


Darwin, Bust 30 

Darwin Hall of Invertebrates 30 
Deer 63 

Demuth Collection of Pipes 16 
Devilfish 57 


Dinosaurs: 

Allosaurus 110; Brontosaurus 109; Diplodocus 
109; Duck-billed 107, 109, 110; Horned 
106: Mummied 110; Trachodon 107, 109; 
Tyrannosaurus 108, 110 

Dodo 50 

Dog Feast 20 
Dogs 35 

Duck Hawk 73, 74 


arth Goddess 44 

Eggs, 43, 52 

Egret Group 75, 77 

Elephant Group, African 66, 67 

Elk 68 

Eohippus 105 

Eskimo collection 15; Woman Cooking 14; Fish- 
ing 15 

Extermination 51 


Feather Cape 121, 122 
Fire Walker 121 
Fishes, Bony 56; 

Groups 54, 55; 

Flamingo Group 77 
Flatworms 31 

Flea, Model 82 
Flea and Bubonic Plague 81 

Florida Group 41, 78 

Fly, Model of 84; and disease 85 

Food 28, 29 

Forestry, Hall of North American 26, 27 

Fossil Aquarium 112 

Fossils: 

Age of 99; Fishes 111, 112, 113; Formation of 
99; Invertebrate 113; Man 100; Reptiles 
107; Sea Reptiles 100; Sharks, 111, 112: 
South American 100; Tertiary 103; Tree 
Stump 115 

Fowls 35 
Fur Seal Group 37 


Fossil 111: 
Recent 55-57 


Deep Sea 57: 
Luminous 57; 


Ganoids, Fossil 112; Recent 56 
Gar Pike 56 
Gems and Precious stones 118, 119, 120 
Geology 112, 113, 114; biologic 115; 
115; of Manhattan Island 15 
Glacial grooves 9 
Glacial Pothole 9 
Gold and silver work 43, 46, 88 
Golden Eagle Group 78 
Goose (Wild) Group 79 
Gorilla 70, 71 
Grand Canyon 113, 114 
Grebe Group 79 
Ground Sloth Group 100 
Groups: 
Birds 42, 50-53, 73-80; Fishes 54-57; Insects 
95-97; Mammals 37, 38, 58-67; Man 13- 
25, 120; Marine Invertebrates 30-36; Rep- 
tiles and Amphibians 39-41 


historica 


Habitat Groups 73 

Hackensack Meadow Group 74 

Haida Canoe 13 

Heron Group (Florida Blue) 75; (Snowy) 75, 77 
Hopi Group 23 

Horse, Evolution of the 103-105 

Horses, Skeletons of modern 103, 117 


Incas 87—90 
Indians: 

Alaskan 13; Apache 24, 25; Arapaho 19, 20; 
Blackfoot 20, 21; British Columbia 13; 
Chilkat 13; Cree 18; Dakota 21; Dela- 
ware 17; Haida 13; Hopi 22, 23; Iroquois 
17, 18, 19; Manhattan 17-19; Menomini 18; 
Navajo 23; New York 17; Penobscot 17; 
Pima 23; Plains 20, 21; Pueblo 22; Seminole 
19; Tlingit 13; Woodlands 17; Zuni 22 

Information Bureau 9 
Insects 95-98; importance 95; local collection 98 
Insects and disease 81, 83 


135 


156 


Invertebrates, Fossil 113; 
Iroquois Warrior 18 


Recent 30-36, 131 


Jade Boulder 11 

Jesup Collection of North American Woods 27 
Jesup Memorial Statue, 8, 11 

Jesup Tablet 27 

Jumbo, skeleton 93 


Keith Collection 43. 46 
Killer Whale 93, 94 
Klamath Lake Group 78 


Labrador Duck 52 
Lampreys 55 
Lectures 15, 127 
Library 124, 132 
Lizard Group 40 
Lobsters, record 32 
Loon Group 79 


Magnolia 26 

Malaria 33, 82, 83 

Mammals, Groups 37, 58, 67,93; of Africa 48; of 
North America 58-67; of the Polar regions 
59, 63, 65, 67; of the World 93-95 

Mammoth 101 

Man, Evolution of 47; Early 47, 100; 
History of 47 

Man, Hall of the Age of 100 

Manta 57 

Maori Heads 122 

Marine Invertebrates 30-36 

Masks, Melanesian 122; Tlingit 14 

Mastodons and Mammoths 101, 102 

Mayas 41, 438, 45 

Medicine pipe 21 

Melanos 93 

Membershin 125, 134 

Members’ Room 68, 69 

Memorial Hall 10, 11 

Meteorites 11, 15, 16 

Mexican Archeology 43-45; Textiles 41 

Military Hygiene 85 

Minerals 119 

Mink 61, 63 

Moceasin Snake 39 

Mollusks 32, 33, 36, 92 

Monkeys 69, 70, 71 

Moose Group 58, 60 

Morgan Memorial Hall 118, 119 

Mosquito models 33, 81 

Mosquitoes and malaria 83 

Mummy bundles 89; cloths 88; Chilean Copper 
90; dinosaur 110 

Mural paintings by Knight 102: by Stokes i5; 
by Taylor 12, 15 

Museum building 2; administration 124; admis- 
sion to 4; definition of 125; history 125; loca- 
tion 4; membership 126, 134; purposes of 126; 
support 125 

Musk Ox 65 

Muskrat 63 


Natural 


Naosaurus 110 

Navajo blankets 23, 25 
Nazca Pottery 89 
North Pacific Hall 13 


Opossum 61 

Orang Utan Group 71 
Otter 63 

Orizaba Group 72, 74 


Pacific Islands Collections 121-123 
Paddlefish Group 55 

Peary Bust 11 

Peary Sledges 27 

Pelican Groups 75, 76, 78 

Penguin Group 38 

Peruvian Collections 87—90 
Philippine Collections 123 

Pigmy Group 69 

Pigs, Giant Fossil 105 

Pioneers of American Science 11 
Pipe Bags 21 

Pipes, Demuth Collection 16 
Plans of Halls, 6, 9, 37, 69, 99, 124 


INDEX 


Polar Expeditions 27 
Polar Maps 27 
Polyodon Group 55 
Polyps 30 
Pothole, Glacial 9 
Pottery: 
Chinese 91; Inca 89; Indian 19, 22, 23; Maya 
43; Philippine 123 
Power Room 16 
Prairie Chicken Group 79 
Prehistoric Man of Europe and North America 47 
Proboscis Monkey 71 
Protozoa 30 
Ptarmigan 51 
Publications 132 
Public Health, Hall 80 
Pueblo Indians 22 


Quipus 90 


Reptiles 37-41; Fossil 100, 107-111 
Robin Group 42 

Roosevelt Elk 60, 63 

Rotifers 31 

Roundworms 31 


Sage Grouse Group 78 
Salamander Group 41 
Sandhill Crane Group 75 
San Joaquin Valley Group 77 
School Collections 127, 128 
Sea-Mats 31 

Sea Stars 31 

Seismograph 27 

Sewage 81 

Shark, Giant Fossil 111 
Shark Group 54 

Sharks .56 

Shells 31-338, 92 

Siberian collections 91 

Skunk 61 

Sledge, Amundsen’s 27; Peary’s 27 
Sponges 30 

Squirrels 61 

Staff, Scientific 1 

Starfish 31 

Stele 43-45 

Struggle for Existence 36 
Study Collections 129-132 
Sun dance 21 

Swan Group 78 

Synoptic Series of Animals 30-36; of Mammals 93 


Tahitians 121, 12 

Tertiary Vertebrates 101—103 

Textiles, African 49; Chinese 91; Haida 13, 14; 
Mexican 41; Navajo 25; Pacific Islands 121, 
122, 123; Peruvian 87-90 

Thorne Tablet 69 

Tipi 21 

Toad Group 41 

Totem poles 13 

Trachodon 107, 109, 110 

Trephined skulls 87, 90 

Trustees, Board of 1 

Turkey Vulture Group 77 

Tyrannosaurus 108, 1:0 


Variation 35 

Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 32; Fossil 99 
Virginia deer 63 

Visitors’ Room 9 


Walrus 63 

Wampum 17 

Warren Mastodon 101 

Water Supply 80 

Water Turkey Group 75 
Weasel Group 60, 63 

Whale, finback 53; sulphur-bottom 93; killer 94 
Whales 93 

Wharf Pile Group 33, 34 
Whooping Crane Group 53, 78 
Wild Turkey Group 74 
‘“Willamette’’ meteorite 11 
Wolf Group 62, 63 
Woodchuck 61 

Woods, North American 27 
Workshops 133 


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